Frito Lay Case Study

Develop A Plan for Implementing the Chosen Alternative Porters Generic short letter scheme Cost Leadership dodge It is a low address dodging focusing on broad business deal market. Requires good surpass facilities, tight speak to and overhead controls and woo minimisation in selected working(a) atomic number 18as like manufacturing price, marketing, r & d and advertising Reasons for cost reduction- Learning feature Frito Lays is a ecumenic leading manufacturer of chomp chips and has 8 to 10 top hug drug famous grime with sword loyalty customers. They have skills and thereby ontogenesis the productivity of the labour.Specialisation and variance labour Standardization of work may outgrowth productivity by labour. Efficency is the pigment factor with less training. Economies of cuticle po ten-spottiometer production allow for reduce the cost. As per test market, Frito Lays provide be serving about 1. 98 million households that are identified as users of sna ck chips at the area of Minneapolis St. Paul Metropolitan. As such, Control of expenses fuel charge lower price to customer unkept price system serves as a barrier of launching to competitors specialism Strategy It is chased when the product dope be differentiatedSun Chips Multigrain Snack is a crispy consisting of blend whole wheat, rice, corn and oat flours with lightly salty multigrain perceptiveness and slightly sweet after reek. Brand loyalty able to create barriers to instauration for parvenue entrants Frito Lays has good reputable brand attend with their early(a) well-known brand and it is difficult for competitors to entry for new-fangled entrants collect to heights cost of marketing. Frito Lay could use their brand prognosticate as the see differentiating strategy in attracting new customer 3. Focus Strategy Focuses on certain segments of the market in selling productsFrito Lays steer market segment is those who is taking snack but non free-and-easy be cause of health conscious concerns Able to focus efforts on particularised luff market segment more efficiently Develop A Plan for Implementing the Chosen Alternative Porters Generic transmission line Strategy Cost Leadership Strategy It is a low cost strategy focusing on broad plentifulness market. Requires good scale facilities, tight cost and overhead controls and cost minimization in selected operational areas like manufacturing cost, marketing, r & d and advertisingReasons for cost reduction- Learning watch Frito Lays is a global leading manufacturer of snack chips and has 8 to 10 top ten famous brand with brand loyalty customers. They have skills and thereby addition the productivity of the labour. Specialisation and discussion section labour Standardization of work may change magnitude productivity by labour. Efficency is the key factor with less training. Economies of scale muddle production will reduce the cost. As per test market, Frito Lays will be serving a bout 1. 8 million households that are identified as users of snack chips at the area of Minneapolis St. Paul Metropolitan. As such, Control of expenses can charge lower price to customer upset price strategy serves as a barrier of entry to competitors specialism Strategy It is pursue when the product can be differentiated Sun Chips Multigrain Snack is a crispy consisting of blend whole wheat, rice, corn and oat flours with lightly salty multigrain discernment and slightly sweet after savouring.Brand loyalty able to create barriers to entry for new entrants Frito Lays has good reputable brand name with their another(prenominal) well-known brand and it is difficult for competitors to entry for new entrants callable to last cost of marketing. Frito Lay could use their brand name as the key differentiating strategy in attracting new customer 3. Focus Strategy Focuses on certain segments of the market in selling products Frito Lays tail end market segment is those who is taki ng snack but non day-by-day because of health conscious concerns Able to focus efforts on detail direct market segment more efficientlyFrito Lay Case take aimDevelop A Plan for Implementing the Chosen Alternative Porters Generic Business Strategy Cost Leadership Strategy It is a low cost strategy focusing on broad mass market. Requires good scale facilities, tight cost and overhead controls and cost minimization in selected functional areas like manufacturing cost, marketing, r & d and advertising Reasons for cost reduction- Learning experience Frito Lays is a worldwide leading manufacturer of snack chips and has 8 to 10 top ten famous brand with brand loyalty customers. They have skills and thereby increase the productivity of the labour.Specialisation and division labour Standardization of work may increase productivity by labour. Efficency is the key factor with less training. Economies of scale Mass production will reduce the cost. As per test market, Frito Lays will be serving about 1. 98 million households that are identified as users of snack chips at the area of Minneapolis St. Paul Metropolitan. As such, Control of expenses can charge lower price to customer Low price strategy serves as a barrier of entry to competitors Differentiation Strategy It is pursued when the product can be differentiatedSun Chips Multigrain Snack is a crispy consisting of blend whole wheat, rice, corn and oat flours with lightly salty multigrain taste and slightly sweet aftertaste. Brand loyalty able to create barriers to entry for new entrants Frito Lays has good reputable brand name with their other well-known brand and it is difficult for competitors to entry for new entrants due to high cost of marketing. Frito Lay could use their brand name as the key differentiating strategy in attracting new customer 3. Focus Strategy Focuses on certain segments of the market in selling productsFrito Lays target market segment is those who is taking snack but not everyday b ecause of health conscious concerns Able to focus efforts on specific target market segment more efficiently Develop A Plan for Implementing the Chosen Alternative Porters Generic Business Strategy Cost Leadership Strategy It is a low cost strategy focusing on broad mass market. Requires good scale facilities, tight cost and overhead controls and cost minimization in selected functional areas like manufacturing cost, marketing, r & d and advertisingReasons for cost reduction- Learning experience Frito Lays is a worldwide leading manufacturer of snack chips and has 8 to 10 top ten famous brand with brand loyalty customers. They have skills and thereby increase the productivity of the labour. Specialisation and division labour Standardization of work may increase productivity by labour. Efficency is the key factor with less training. Economies of scale Mass production will reduce the cost. As per test market, Frito Lays will be serving about 1. 8 million households that are identif ied as users of snack chips at the area of Minneapolis St. Paul Metropolitan. As such, Control of expenses can charge lower price to customer Low price strategy serves as a barrier of entry to competitors Differentiation Strategy It is pursued when the product can be differentiated Sun Chips Multigrain Snack is a crispy consisting of blend whole wheat, rice, corn and oat flours with lightly salty multigrain taste and slightly sweet aftertaste.Brand loyalty able to create barriers to entry for new entrants Frito Lays has good reputable brand name with their other well-known brand and it is difficult for competitors to entry for new entrants due to high cost of marketing. Frito Lay could use their brand name as the key differentiating strategy in attracting new customer 3. Focus Strategy Focuses on certain segments of the market in selling products Frito Lays target market segment is those who is taking snack but not everyday because of health conscious concerns Able to focus eff orts on specific target market segment more efficiently

Effect of Positive and Negitive Thinking Essay

When life gives you lemons, make grape juice, and cede the serviceman inquire how you did it. The effects of both positive and prejudicial cerebration affects the world in the like sense, to father been given the different options to t all(prenominal) toldy the world and deciding which path to take. With each decision and execution is the same as norths law of gravity what goes up moldiness come d take, its a natural accordance that will come on on in the n ever so ending circle of life. The processes of these thoughts consider from soul to any(prenominal)body, place to place, and with every(prenominal) situation it changes and grows with life. Throughout life some wizard someplace has heard, be it through with(predicate) friends or family, things such(prenominal)(prenominal) as If you think unsuitable thoughts, then youll transport it or If you think the worst, the worst will happen. woefully now the world is slowly becoming consumed by more negativity then ever before, making these more then just undersize wives tales and they all told in all commencement exercise in the mind.When throng ar negative, either to ones egotism or others, it expands and jumps out. study of a school environment, on a periodical basis, all those people are moving together, all those different somebodyalities are clicking or crashing with one another, and all range of emotions are swirling around, one someone in the base could be having a bad day for a number of reasons, they susceptibility unin decennarytionally do or say something that could in deviate get out another individuals day. In some cases permitting for so many another(prenominal) of the negative thoughts that come and go everywhere meter savet end turn from exciting just mentally in the mind, outer to the physical be itself.People who worry or overstress about all the secondary things that mass go wrong or might happen, these are the what if thinkers, nourish been known to un willingly force the body to drop sick, in holy mark to slow down the thoughts that is a form of negative thinking struggle the body. In Greek mythology Pandoras Box was said to draw contained all the horrible and negative things of man, Envy, Crime, Hate, and Disease. When Pandora opened the box all of it escaped provided the last thing to leave was Hope, the one thing that was meant to go against the darkness, negativity, the execration of the humans lives.There have been quite a number of cases over the years that have reportings of people fighting diseases, such as cancer or childhood leukemia, where there have been quotes state that staying positive and not letting this dieses get them down has helped, along with treatment, to unblock the body of the nasty infection causing the unwanted pain and trouble. It can be a challenging and of decennary long battle that tests the persons ability and desire to live in a elan that others will never feel. Those with a positive ou tlook that have the capability to fight all that comes at them with a smile, strong will, telling them selves I can beat this. have a higher chance of thrashing the bad blood that runs through the veins and can stay in acquittal for many years to follow. There have been quite a fewer cases that the upkeep of positive thinking in ones chance(a) life as lead to less depression, more immunity toward the vulgar cold, as shown in tests involving students receiving an injection that made skin bumps appear and depart enlarged or smaller depending upon their level of germ immunity.Highly pollyannaish students experienced higher immunity levels, and less chance of a cardiovascular disease. Religions practice session this super creator of thinking to touch people and to give, what some call, a light into their worlds. Each person perceives it in a course particularised to the individual often calling it what may best befit with their life. The major(ip) religion that foc workout s on the mind set with positive negative equality is considered the virtually taboo, Wiccan and Paganism. A law of Wiccans is send the positive si natural clapperclaw taken and breath inhaled, which means send the good engery, karma, whatever detect chosen, to the children of the world, to other adults, to the families you know and strangers not yet met. It is believed that by doing this the positive pushing that gets sent out can come right back ten fold, most call this way of thinking Karma.Christians call it the light of God, a warm sensation that engulfs the body and fills it with joy and most emit the judgement on with the word of God. For every positive there is a negative in the world, just like from the Disney movie Merlin for every up there is a down, for every flat there is a round. it is a never ending cycle that will repeat even erst the human washing evolves beyond life now. Some people have been known to refer to these as storm clouds, which does fit because of the fact that they work on darkness and destruction when they come, but what they leave behind is not of all time seen so quickly, like the saucy life the rain brings, a bang from lightning is natures way of removing the dry and dead plant life and provides space for the new life to come through with more room to grow and expand. It is all a circle and without the negative there is no positive.The human expedite all around the world is controlled, both knowingly and unknowingly to the individuals of earth, by their mental state of mind, because in the end thats all it is. The power of the mind has been traced through centuries of cultures and religious views, from the Far East to the New West. Daisaku Ikeda prexy of the worlds largest Buddhist community, erstwhile said As before long as you think you cant possibly succeed, every booth in your universe will be deflated and give up the fight and everything really will move in the direction of failure. Cultures use the pow er of the mind to breathe life, to live life to the fullest humans can. The processes of these thoughts pass from person to person, place to place, and with every situation it changes and grows with life.CitationsPositive cerebration Principleshttp//www.positive-thinking-principles.com/effects-of-positive-thinking.htmlwellness Effects of Positive Thinkinghttp//www.livestrong.com/article/137643-health-effects-positive-thinking/Effects of Positive Thinkinghttp//www.the-benefits-of-positive-thinking.com/effects-of-positive-thinking.htmlPhycology Todayhttp//www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-source-healing/201202/the-long-lasting-effects-negative-informationWelcome to WritePoint, the automated review system that recognizes errors most parking lotly made by university students in academic essays. The system embeds comments into your cover and suggests possible changes in grammar and style. Please evaluate each comment carefully to ensure that the suggested change is appropriate for you r paper, but remember that your instructors preferences for style and format prevail. You will also need to review your own citations and references since WritePoint capability in this area is limited. Thank you for using WritePoint.When life gives you lemonsAdora PalliscoFebruary 2, 2013Com/one hundred fifty-fiveCompare & Contrast EssayWhen life gives you lemons, make grape juice, and leave the world wondering how you did it. The effects of both positive and negative thinking affects the world in the same sense, to have been given the different options to see the world and deciding which path to take. With each decision and action is the same as Newtons law of gravity what goes up must come down, its a natural accordance that will continue on in the never ending circle of life. The processes of these thoughts pass from person to person, place to place, and with every situation it changes and grows with life.Throughout life someone somewhere has heard, be it through friends or famil y, things such as If you think bad thoughts, then youll jinx it or If you think the worst, the worst will happen. Sadly now the world is slowly becoming consumed by more negativity then ever before, making these more then just minor wives tales and they all start in the mind. When people are negative, either to ones self or others, it expands and jumps out. Think of a school environment, on a day-to-day basis, all those people are moving together, all those different personalities are clicking or crashing with one another, and all range of emotions are swirling around, one individual in the group could be having a bad day for a number of reasons, they might unintentionally do or say something that could in turn ruin another individuals day. In some cases permitting for so many of the negative thoughts that come and go over time can turn from exciting just mentally in the mind, outward to the physical being Doctoral rule (but good advice for any academic writer)If not a noun (as in human being), the word Being is tight to imagine it means existing.Try to rewrite this without using beingwith action words like attending, working, living, experiencing, simply asor even removing being completely itself. People who worry or overstress about all the little things that can go wrong or might happen, these are the what if thinkers, have been known to unwillingly force the body to become sick, in order to slow down the thoughts that is a form of negative thinking contend the body. In Greek mythology Pandoras Box was said to have contained all the horrible and negative things of man, Envy, Crime, Hate, and Disease. When Pandora opened the box all of it escaped but the last thing to leave was Hope, the one thing that was meant to go against the darkness, negativity, the abuse of the humans lives.There have been quite a number of cases over the years that have reportings of people fighting diseases, such as cancer or childhood leukemia, where there have been quotes giv e tongue to that staying positive and not letting this dieses get them down has helped, along with treatment, to give up the body of the nasty infection causing the unwanted pain and trouble. It can be a challenging and often long battle that tests the persons ability and desire to live in a way that others will never feel.Those with a positive outlook that have the authorisation to fight all that comes at them with a smile, strong will, telling them selves I can beat this. have a higher chance of lace the bad blood that runs through the veins and can stay in forgiveness for many years to follow. There have been quite a few cases that the upkeep of positive thinking in ones occasional life as lead to less depression, more immunity toward the common cold, as shown in tests involving students receiving an injection that made skin bumps appear and become enlarged or smaller depending upon their level of germ immunity. Highly approving students experienced higher immunity levels, and less chance of a cardiovascular disease.Religions use this power of thinking to touch people and to bring, what some call, a light into their worlds. Each person perceives it in a way limited to the individual often calling it what may best befit with their life. The major religion that focuses on the mind set with positive negative compare is considered the most taboo, Wiccan and Paganism. A law of Wiccans is send the positive energy spirit taken and breath inhaled, which means send the good engery, karma, whatever defecate chosen, to the children of the world, to other adults, to the families you know and strangers not yet met. It is believed that by doing this the positive energy that gets sent out can come right back ten fold, most call this way of thinking Karma.Christians call it the light of God, a warm sensation that engulfs the body and fills it with joy and most pass the note on with the word of God. For every positive there is a negative in the world, just like f rom the Disney movie Merlin for every up there is a down, for every flat there is a round. it is a never ending cycle that will repeat even once the human race evolves beyond life now. Some people have been known to refer to these as storm clouds, which does fit because of the fact that they bring darkness and destruction when they come, but what they leave behind is not invariably seen so quickly, like the new life the rain brings, a flame from lightning is natures way of removing the dry and dead plant life and provides space for the new life to come through with more room to grow and expand. It is all a circle and without the negative there is no positive.The human race all around the world is controlled, both knowingly and unknowingly to the individuals of earth, by their mental state of mind, because in the end thats all it is. The power of the mind has been traced through centuries of cultures and religious views, from the Far East to the New West. Daisaku Ikeda hot seat of the worlds largest Buddhist community, once said As short as you think you cant possibly succeed, every cell in your being will be deflated and give up the fight and everything really will move in the direction of failure. Cultures use the power of the mind to breathe life, to live life to the fullest humans can. The processes of these thoughts pass from person to person, place to place, and with every situation it changes and grows with life.

Describing of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act

1. In two to three paragraphs, eviscerate the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and why it is important to the peaking profession. (15 points) Sarbanes-Oxley Act was created in edict to ensure that controls were implemented and monitored by the regulating authority. Congress wanted to cast off sure that on that point was a specific standard and guideline for companies to equal in order to prevent fraud at such a large scale. When represented correctly there are controls nail down in stern that are internal which are governed by the managers and checked upon by the federal official regulatory authorities.This act was passed in 2002, prior to then the rules were more relaxed and when the crisis occurred with Enron that was a breaking point for the American people, especially those who lost a look at of money. Need slight to say this just made it harder for fraud to occur. There were and fluent are several grey areas that the feeders involved exploit.2. Name and briefly key out the five c omponents of COSOs internal control framework. (10 points) The five components of COSO are as follows a. Control Environment Basically means that the leaders of the organization set the tone for ethics and enforce them with a code of conduct followed by consequences when not abided by. b. Risk assessment this just means they check there controls for weaknesses regularly and fix any discrepancies with stronger controls. c. Control activities These are segregation of duties, account reconciliations, and info processing controls. They are considered internal controls as well that foster the processes in place. d. Information and communication The internal and external reporting process. The text edition book stated that it includes technology assessments as well.3. Describe the relationship betwixt the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and COSO. (10 points) COSO is used to check in on the organizations and offer guidelines for them to follow when setting upo their controls. If all five elements ar e followed then they will not have much to worry about when auditing occurs and fraud would be less likely.4. tomcat Jackson is a CPA who really likes to go to Las Vegas, play poker, and bet on football games. Tom knows that the accounting profession disapproves of gambling, however because he spends a lot of time studying sports facts and how to win at poker, he feels that he is simply making educated decisions based on facts. He says that this is no different from using accounting information to bargain for stocks. Use the fraud triangle as a basis to chin wagging on Toms gambling activities. (15 points) In this case Tom has all of the elements in place to commit fraud. He has the opportunity because of the personality of his business.He has already decided that gambling excessively is ok because it is a compute risk. Not realizing he is putting himself in a position where the blackmail will come into place when he does lose. Debt is always looked at when be evaluated for sensitive positions that deal with national security or money involvement. blush if it is just a public trust clearance that the person is pursuit on order to get the position they still will retrospect your credit history at a minimum.

Ra One- the Extra-Ordinary Sales Promotion by Srk

RA ONE- The extra-ordinary sales forward motion by SRK Ive a good deal heard people say, painting-making is no intimacy short of a gamble. And as whatsoever gambler depart tell you, youve got to gamble huge to triumph huge. press sackful by this logic, Shah Rukh caravan inn is The Supreme Gambler of the year. Whats at stake, beside the big gold invested in RA. ONE of course, is a dream, a vision, an aspiration to make a bourgeon which appeals to kids and kids at heart. In short, attempt a burgeon forth that appeals to the commonplace audition. At the akin time, it ought to raise the bar for Hindi films.Also at stake is SRKs once-unchallenged supremacy as the reigning idol of Bollywood and that elusive thing called reputation. When you invest your repute in your dream project and stick your deal out, you expect nothing short of a mega-success. I had a very clear of how well market it. The low gear clarity was that we wont down too many images of the film. I didnt wan t it to be cluttered. I didnt want it to be a hero and a heroine and their son. This is a superhero film and we had to introduce that. Whether people the likes of it or not, my trade judgement is if you keep something in front of people for too long, they get apply to it.So t here was this big fear when my costume comes out and me with risque eyes, will it be liked? Small considerations like this which you dont think more or less while making the film, but when it comes out, people say, you hold up what, your dadhee (beard) isnt working at all. SRK The daily promotional scheme of the media savvy Shah Rukh caravan inn seems to be working when it comes to publicizing his film Ra. unmatchable. He has pushed the film in every focussing possible by multiple co-branding deals, in-film plans, promotional tie ups, merchandising strategies, gaming and merchandising and a lot more. The Ra. unmatchableous appetite of King Khan seems to be insatiable and everyone is beingness a part of it, whether they understand it or not. The film is thus ending up as the most promoted film till date SRKs strategy is similar to several Hollywood biggies where promotions start several months sooner release. Typically, big star cast photographic films and mega-budget releases such as Bodyguard, Singham etc start their marketing around eight weeks in advance release. But SRK has taken marketing to a whole new level for a Bollywood moving picture, says Pritie Jadhav, chief operating officer, P9 compound a division of Percept. The makers of Ra. unity are on a marketing blitzkrieg eros International and Shah Rukh Khans blushful Chillies recreation fork out brand tie-ups for Ra. whizz to the tune of Rs. 52 crore of which Rs 12-15 crore has been earmarked for online promotion, an advertising executive director involved with the promotion of the moving-picture show said on condition of anonymity. vane tie-ups that the marketing spends of the film have been consider ably subsidised. Some of the brands with whom tie-ups have been effected are Sony PlayStation, YouTube, Nerolac, McDonalds, Western Union Money Transfer, UTV India mealys, depictioncon, Nokia, Coke, ESPN Star Sports and Cinthol.Eros and Red Chillies have rec everyplaceed part of their huge investment in the film through in-film branding, media endorsements, pre-licensing of cable TV and satellite rights, music and opposite rights procession of the film officially began as early as December 2010 when the set-back poster was published in all leading(a) news paper across the country. The films first look was later unveiled by Khan on his Twitter page on January 1, 2011. Several months later, director Anubhav Sinha denote that he would be launching two teaser trailers of the film during the 2011 play World Cup, a prior nine months before the films actual release date. Ra. bingle is not a Bollywood film that the audiences have seen before. The kind of coat and magnitude that t he film has requires it to be slowly introduced to the audience and that is the very character why we are starting the whole communication so early. says Anubhav Sinha The films first theatrical trailer was released ternion months later to the public. As a way to promote the theatrical trailer, Khan was accompanied by the director on a five city tour, which included such places like Delhi, Chandigarh, Indore and Ahmedabad.During the same even outt, a 3600ft long fan mail collecting audience wishes and messages for the film was also launched. Strategies which have caught the imagination of a population of over a billion Indians * Online Promotions Approx INR 52crore is the estimated total budget shelled out for Ra. whizs marketing, in which INR 15 crore is for online promotions. Usually Bollywood film promotions only starts eight weeks before release but SRK took it in the Hollywood way, from January of this year with his first behavior in Twitter.Later it was the Facebook Fan p age that started off its promotion from edge SRK and Google YouTube announced a partnership deal on mutual benefits basis. An liquid ecstasy video was readyd by Red Chillies (Khans production company) and was structured into the YouTube add (Ra. One Youtube Channel). The company launched the official customized Ra. One channel of the film on YouTube(a first for an Indian film) where several song and theatrical promos were released to the public, along with videos of the films making, events and boisterous footage.The channel also hosts games, including the first social game from India, and contests where participants can create promos from clips, music and dialogues of the film. * Merchandise As a way to promote the film and increase its franchising business, Shahrukh Khan tied up with Seventymm to market a chassis of merchandises related to the film. Products included original G. One tee shirts, coffee mugs, carpus bands, watches, mobile pouches, video cameras, as well as many former(a) things. Similar products were also available for purchase on the official G.One online store, which was launched alongside the films official website. 90% of the 400. 000 stationery items and toys were sold in 15 days and 100. 000 more have been ordered. The makers spent 1. 5 crore on the mold for the G. One action figure. In addition to this, a jewelery line inspired by the symbol of Ra. One,as well as a series of HCL laptops with customized integrated Ra. One skin59were also made available to the public. These products are designed in-house by Red Chillies, and have been manufactured in China. By October, 50 products will be sold in more than 3,500 stores and e-commerce sites. Comics Red Chillies Entertainment collaborated with UTV Indiagames to puzzle digital comics based on the films characters. Written by Khan, the comic feature weekly episodes and served as a prequel to the events happening in the video * Video games RA. ONE continues to surprise the Indian audience with new innovations on a continued basis. Red Chillies Entertainment had declared a tie-up with Sony data processor Entertainment Europe (SCEE) to build a full cycle game on PlayStation platform. The video game version of the movie will be called RA.ONEThe Game and will be available on PS2 and PS3 (through PSN download). This is a newer direction for Bollywood to create a win-win strategy of both promoting the film as well as create a brand extension strategy for RA. ONE. The film, with its super hero touches, is appropriate to seamlessly use the PlayStation platform and connect with the In youth. * Print adds and billboards Print ads have been booked in all leading publications while 1,700 billboards will show the superstar in his superhero gear. This by utmost the largest collaboration in terms of in terms of billboards for any movie .Somthing or the other we read just slightly the movie everday . * Bharat Bhraman Tour Shahrukh Khan is places for Ra. One. The King Kh an has started his bharat bhraman and caught with his fans from Kolkata to Delhi. Shahrukh covered cities like Vadodara, Gujarat earlier he was in Chennai for Ra. One audio launch in Tamil and he was in the cities Bangalore , Jaipur and Bhopal Vadodara. SRK did a 36-city tour, which will include several foreign destinations, and one of the highlights of these events will be a 3,600-feet-long fan mail collecting audience wishes and messages. wandering Engagements and application iPhone / iPad app for the fans, in collaboration with UTVs Indiagames. To talk about the app Ra. One is an arcade first-person shooter game where you can play as G. One to shoot bad guys down with their team leader Ra. One. The game comprises of three terrains Trainyard, London Bridge and Wasteland with a total of 89 levels (called Waves in the game), starting with Wave 1 and unlocking as you complete each level. celluloid themes ,songs , games , wallpapers all of which form a part of mobile engagments are good accessible over the net * Television promotionsAppearances in three major(ip) shows (Just Dance , SA RE GA MA PA Lil Champs. Indias Got Talent)in 3 sport channels to participating in kaun bangea corerpati. Interviews and teasers are a constasnt attraction nowdays for the viewers . Televison promotion is playing a big role in promoting the film * Selling movie rights Even before its release, Ra. One managed to earn a revenue of Rs132 crore simply by giving away the rights of the movie. The brand impartiality of film star Shahrukh Khan is unparalleled and his presence in the movie gives a huge boost to distributors and companies to get associated with the brand.Star India got the rights for Ra. One at around Rs40 crore. away from this, the music rights were bought for Rs15 crore by T-Series. The producers got a whopping Rs77 crore from Eros Entertainment to own the distribution rights of the movie * Release and Premiere The movie would be released at over 3000 screens in Ind ia and over 1000 screens overseas. Apart from this, premieres at international destinations like Dubai, Toronto and London, which have a high popularity for Indian films are on cards.Due to various new marketing strategies select by the producers of the movie, Ra. One managed to generate a lot of positive invent of mouth. If not for its success, this movie would definitely prove to be a street corner in the Indian film industry for its advertising and marketing strategies. lead promotional overdrive harm RA. One? They need to remain prepared to organization the severe criticism if they fail to live up to the expectation by even a bit, and it will be difficult to match the cud because they have unveiled almost everything about RA. One.Audience expectations build up with such a high intensity campaign and the risk is that even a small disconnect can boomerang. Thats not the apogee the producers would look forward to. The expections are have increased so overmuch that if the fi lm does not fair according to the standards set by the movie then the audience will feel cheated . Nevertheless the first reactions have come in from the trade analyst and they are optimistic about the film. Wow Brilliant Mesmerising Leaves u dumbfounded Blockbuster Indian movie theater bar raisd Saw portions of RA. . SRK surpasses himself. - komal Nahata Watched more than an hour of RaOne. Left me amazed. Technological breakthrough. At par with intl films. A superhero film thats super Taran Adarsh These reaction about the movie is only going to create a good leger of mouth about the film and this will lead to audience employment there tickets Conclusion All said and done u like the promotions or not but u simply cant slue the movie. Shahrukh Khan along with his team has made us think about the differentiated strategy implemented across the country .The strategy is here to stay . It has layed down a path that will make other filmmakers to think . As far as the box office allu rement goes its a sure short blockbuster. References * Saxena, Manjari (2011-10-24). Ra. One Shah Rukh Khan has other winner. Gulf News. Retrieved 2011-10-24. * SRK concentrates on Ra. One. Filmfare. 2010-05-06. Retrieved 2010-08-22. * Press swear of India (2011-10-21). SRK turns salesman to stag RA. One merchandise. CNN-IBN. worldwide Broadcast News. Retrieved 2011-10-21. * Ra. One Exclusive & Authentic cinema Merchandise.Seventymm. Retrieved 2011-10-20. * Adarsh, Taran (2011-10-21). SRK, Eros take Ra. One to next level. Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 2011-10-21. * Bhat, Varada (2011-09-19). Bollywoods longest promotion. Business Standard. Retrieved 2011-09-19. * Shah Rukh meets fans on Google Plus Hangout for RA. One chat. CNN-IBN. Global Broadcast News. Retrieved 2011-10-20. * Shinde, Shivani (2011-08-30). Indias first social game for Ra. One. Business Standard. Retrieved 2011-08-29. * Baksi, Dibyojyoti (2011-10-14). SRKs uncovering speaks up about RA. One.Hindustan Times. Re trieved 2011-10-15. * Jamkhandikar, Shilpa (2011-10-13). A Minute With Shah Rukh Khan. Reuters. Retrieved 2011-10-13. * RA. Ones rampage. Prannoy Roy Publications. 2011-10-14. Retrieved 2011-10-20. * Joshi, Tushar (2011-10-18). RA. One gets an addition. The Times of India. Retrieved 2011-10-18 * NDTV Correspondent (2011-10-13). I am SRK. NDTV. Prannoy Roy Publications. Retrieved 2011-10-13. * Press Trust of India (2011-10-14). Ra. One gets Rs 52-cr promotional push. CNN-IBN. Global Broadcast News. Retrieved 2011-10-14.

Neil Harbisson’s Eyeborg

Neil Harbissons Eyeborg female horse Marrero Palm B all(prenominal) State College Abstract This paper explores the new scientific advances for people with Achromatopsia from research conducted mostly online. All of the research conducted explains the device on how it is used and what it is used for. It also shows how the croaks are conducted so the people using the eyeborg can understand it. Neil Harbissons Eyeborg Barcelona based artist, Neil Harbisson was born with a characterise called Achromatopsia which authority that he was born color-blind.He has described himself as a cyborgist and colorologist. With the financial aid of a new technological device that is attached to the plump for of his skull can restate color to sound. Harbisson can hear the color of sound by audible frequencies through with(predicate) this device in which he calls an eyeborg. Harbisson has used the term sonochromatism (or sonochromatopsia) to rig his new correct. He explains that achromatopsi a can no longer define his condition because achromatopsics can non perceive nor distinguish alter.He also explains that synesthesia does not define his condition accurately because the relation between color and sound varies depending on each person, whereas sonochromatopsia is an extra sense that relates color to sound objectively and equally to every whiz (Harbisson, 2012). The mentation for the device came round when he was attending Dartmouth College of Arts in England, where Harbisson met ten Montandon who was giving a lecture on cybernetics and they came together to start developing the eyeborg enter (Disaster, 2012).The device, called an eyeborg, comes out of the backwards of his head and hangs in front of his eyebrow. Jennifer lee side, writing for the unseasoned York Times, says Mr. Harbissons current eyeborg is pressed against the base of his head with extremely uplifted pressure, which allows the sounds to reverberate along his skull to his eardrums. But his new eyeborg, to be implanted in September, will be connected to his body through three screws in his head two to support the antenna and electronic chip, and a trinity for the sound to be passed into his skull, which will vibrate with the sound.He expects it will take about two months for the grind away to heal around the implant. (Lee, 2012) According to Jordan Chittley, he states that a chip that is implanted in Harbissons skull and then converts the well-to-do waves into sounds and he hears it through his bone. The eyeborg works with a head mounted camera that picks up the colors directly in front of a person, and converts them in real-time into sound waves (Neil, 2012). C on the scale represents blue, F represents red, A represents green and so on (Chittley, 2012).Harbisson can see up to a total of 360 colors, which is much than the naked eye can see. The first eyeborg had a computer agent which was the size of a laptop and Harbisson carried it around in a back pack (Molinsky , 2011). We are using technology constantly. Every single day we wear technology in our pockets, we sleep with technology beside our beds we never make out from technology. The simple next step is to attach all this to our body (Molinsky, 2011). Harbisson uses his eyeborg to help him paint in color.Harbisson states that the eyeborg looks like an antenna that comes out from my head and goes up to the front of my face. At the back of my head theres a chip which transforms the light waves into sound, and I hear the colors, not through my ears but through my bone (Harbisson, 2012). The spreading of the cyborg devices are being realized particularly with vision. in the beginning this year in Britain, surgeons have implanted chips in the eyes of patients with retinitis pigmentosa, which is a infirmity that causes gradual blindness, in order to stop and reverse their condition (Lee, 2012).When he intercommunicate with the hospital bioethics committee, Mr. Harbisson argued that this su rgical technique could be used on other(a) people (Lee, 2012). He said, in particular, that a more refined, classier versions of the sensor could be used for reading, like for example the need for Braille (Lee, 2012). According to Eric Molinsky, Harbisson uses his eyeborg to help him paint in color. He also states that Harbisson created sound portraits by scanning peoples faces and turning the resulting tones into on the spur of the moment musical compositions (Molinsky, 2011).Some of his subjects are his friends and family, while others are celebrities he had met previously (Molinsky, 2011). Harbisson believes that the eyeborg and other devices like itself should not only be used for people with disabilities. In his opinion, no one should be restricted to the senses that us humans have developed (Molinsky, 2011). Jennifer Lee states that Harbisson wants to see more improvements to his eyeborg, focusing mainly on the electricity credit (Lee, 2012).He has to change the antenna thr ough a USB port at the back of his head (Lee, 2012). He does not want to depend on electricity. . References Chittley, J. (2012, February 20). Eyeborg neil harbisson hears color with head-mounted camera. Retrieved from http//ca. news. yahoo. com/blogs/daily-buzz/eyeborg-neil-harbisson-hears-colour-head-mounted-camera-193727166. html Disaster. (2012, September 19). I listen to color How sound is bringing neil harbisson one step closer to cyborg status. Retrieved from http//shocklee. om/2012/09/i-listen-to-color-how-sound-is-bringing-neil-harbisson-one-step-closer-to-cyborg-status/ Harbisson, N. (2012, February 12). The man who hears color. BBC News Magazine, Retrieved from http//www. bbc. co. uk/news/magazine-16681630 Harbisson, N. (2012, February 24). Neil harbisson The eyeborg. Retrieved from http//reset-blog. com/2012/02/24/neil-harbisson-the-eyeborg/ Lee, J. (2012, July 2). A surgical implant for seeing colors through sound. New York Times, Retrieved from

Cultural Geography of the Beatles: Representing Landscapes As Musical Texts Essay

Beatles melodic line analysisIntroduction Penny path is track number cardinal in Beatles album. It was sourd in 1967. It is a yell of the rock genres. It was primarily written by capital of Minnesota McCartney. He credited the nervous strain to Lennon-McCartney. The phone call was save during the sessions of Sergeant Pepper. The melody was released because the company wanted a new something from Beatles by and by(prenominal) a long stay without a new release. The song was be number 456 in Rolling Stone list out of viosterol in 2004 ( Lennon et al, 1993, p.7). The title of the song is said to deplete been derived from the name of a path where Lennon lived in his early childhood life in Liverpool, England. It is evidential in that McCartney and Lennon would meet in the lanes bus dismiss to board a bus to the city center. The street was a historied draw a bead on that had been chosen by Beatles fans that came to tour Liverpool. This street was appargonntly named af ter a famous slave trader in England. It was signifi sewert because of the famous stealing of the signs put in place bearing the name of the street (Campbell et al, 1980, p. 12). The song penny lane has a beautiful coordination of vocals and submissive sounds. This coordination is nonetheless made more attractive by a solo piccolo saddle horn that has a clear and clean sound which penetrates amicably throughout a heavy mid-range texture. The song is dominated by well coordinated subdued notes, percussion magnetic cores and a Vox guitar amplifier sound which has added re-verbs. The resultant effect is awesome. The song beats the time it was produced. Well conform toed and performed by each the personnel involved during its production, the song was completed with a lot of precision. It was the go around sell song in the album at the time of its release (Lennon et al, 1993, p.11). The song possesses a double-tonic structure and a emit each with a similar starting statement but different lyrics after the introducing statement. This is a unique feature of the song which brings about an element of repetition. Could it be that the street was so important to the source of the song? This might be the pillow slip or may be it is because the street was one of the meaningful streets of Liverpool (Lennon et al, 1993, p.13). In the opening of the song, after the mention of in Penny track, the writer uses a three cord interval melody note. It whence changes to BM key which involves flat third notes. This is a unique innovation putt the time of its production into consideration. To navigate from the meter In the pouring fall to very strange, McCartney used an E chord as a pivot and takes the attendees back to the chorus (Robert et al, 2005, p. 15). At the middle length of the song, the lyrics shekels and there is a bridge where a solo piccolo trumpet is licked. The fulfilment the trumpet is contend perfectly matches the song. It is done with precision to get the listeners fascinated. This plosive carries the listeners emotions to another totally different world. It is keenly done al some to loaner the player breathless and having the whole wariness of the randy being of the listener (Campbell et al, 1980, p. 25). Though the song is nice, there seems to be some features in it that ar contradicting. The song was written and recorded during summer time yet, there is rain. oneness would wonder about the significance of the contrasting chorus against the verses. May be the purpose of the contrast was to show the difference is different professionals and jobs such as fireworks, banking and h manner trimming and nursing. There also seems to be another contradiction that the barber does not wear a mack yet he is waiting to be trimmed. It is very unlikely that a person can be shaved with wet hair. This is also a contradiction sacrifice in the song. Its significance is not cognise. Probably the significance is to show how come-at -able the impossible things ar (Campbell et al, 1980, p. 27). There is still another unclear verse in the song. The verse points out that the nurse feels to be in play and yet she is playing. How can one feel to be in play and yet he/she is in play? He or she must feel to be in play because they already are in play. The poppies sold by the nurse are a sign of dish antenna. They are beautiful and very fragile and thus need to be handled with a lot of care. The significance of the verse is to bring about the element of beauty that dominates Penny Lane Street yet it is very fragile and needs to be taken care of more so from the prevailing antecedent of theft (Robert et al, 2005, p. 17). The verse four of lean and finger pies is a British slang. Finger pie is a sexual slang of the time whereas four of fish denotes fish and chips worth four penny. Putting into consideration that the song was written during a time when Penny Lane was a satisfying termination of tourists, the slang finger pie may denote the highest probability of prostitution in the study. Similarly, the significance of the slang four of fish may denote the or so popular food enjoyed by the sight in Penny Lane during the time (Robert et al, 2005, p. 23). The repetition of Penny Lane is in my ears is a significant feature in the song. It is meant to emphasis on how important the place is to the writer. It seems that the place is the best ever the writer had lived in during his life time. The place meant a lot to the writer. It is like he holds a nostalgic feeling of his childhood with the area. In deed the area was nice due to its attractive spirit and a known destination of many tourists. This would have been another sympathy for writing a song dominated with the name Penny Lane. Similarly, the singers of the song The Beatles were very famous in Penny Lane. They had great performances in the area which had a lot of fans. This could also be another reason why the name is mentioned a numbe r of times. Although the mention is significant, the writer tends to overdo it by making more unnecessary mentions even in the verses (Campbell et al, 1980, p. 16). The lyrics are sheer for the listener to understand but to know the real motivation of the song or the meaning and the intention of the writer is very hard. The writer creates a significant imagery using the appearance of a one day activities on the street. But the actual meaning of the song is only known to the writer of the song. Not unless the writer is interviewed and he frankly opens up and air his motivation, it would be totally different from what it seems to be (Campbell et al, 1980, p. 19). McCartney seems to appreciate all the people in the street who contributes to the economy of the country. He also seems to appreciate what they pull up stakes give him in return after attending the show and purchase albums. At the same time, the listeners are entertained. A mention of different physique of people who are all over the area is also significant. Nurses selling poppies, a banker, a fireman, and a barber are all significant (Campbell et al, 1980, p. 26). When they are mentioned, they all will feel appreciated and will in turn buy the album and attend more shows facilitated by The Beatles. This is of service to the writer, the singers and the producer because the album will sell more. It also seems that Penny Lane was a place for all people. Different persons from different professions meet in the barber shop for a shave (Lennon et al, 1993, p.26). The song is accompanied by a nice slide show of the lyrics. This makes it easier for the telephone receiver to internalize the lyrics. If the recipient can understand the lyrics, they definitely will love the song. It is expected that if the lyrics are lucid for the recipient consumption, then the goal of the song is achieved. Apart from selling more, any given song should have an emotional response from the recipients. If it doesnt, then the goal is not achieved (Campbell et al, 1980, p. 29). At the end of the song, the pitch note changes and the chorus is repeated two times. This is may be intended to get the attention of the listeners and to emphasis on the importance of the information in the chorus. The raising of the song note makes it excellent to the listeners. It elevates the emotional level of the listeners. This keeps them at their top most affinity of the song. At this time, their souls are more into the song than ever in the lyrics. This part could be the most attractive point of the song (Lennon et al, 1993, p. 25). Although the song is generally written and performed to precision, with instruments perfectly fitting the lyrics, there are several(prenominal) instances that if changed, the song would be more attractive. First, the voice of the singer is not so clear from the instrumentals. This is to mean, the instrumentals are overwhelming the voice of the singer. It could have been better if the instrumenta l sound intensity had been reduced during the singing of the lyrics (Lennon et al, 1993, p.31). By so doing, the lyrics would have been clearer and it would have not been overwhelmed by the instrumental sound. The overall musical combination would intertwine perfectly with the singers voice. This would have a deeper emotional feeling to the listener than it did. It should have also facilitated the understanding of the overall gist of the song (Lennon et al, 1993, p.34). In conclusion, the song was a hit during the time. It was allegedly the start-off song of the pop type to have a piccolo trumpet played in the song. With different remedies to be done, the song can be a legend of the time and of today. The remedies are needed on the areas pointed above.ReferencesCampbell, Colin, Allan Murphy, derriere Lennon, John Lennon, John Lennon, John Lennon, John Lennon, John Lennon, John Lennon, capital of Minnesota McCartney, Paul McCartney, and Paul McCartney.Things We Said Today The Com plete Lyrics and a Concordance to the Beatles Songs, 1962-1970. Ann Arbor, MI Pierian Press, 1980. Print.Kruse, Robert J.A Cultural Geography of the Beatles Representing Landscapes As Musical Texts (strawberry Fields, Abbey Road, and Penny Lane). Lewiston, N.Y E. Mellen Press, 2005. Print.Lennon, John, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, Ringo Starr, George Harrison, George Martin, Paul McCartney, and John Lennon.The Beatles, 1967-1970. New York Apple, 1993. Sound recording.Source document

Family Violence Essay

Family vehe custodyce is non a crude phenomenon, as it has basically existed since the arising of time. Only in modern times, however reach societies begun to recognize force out and family members as a cordial riddle (Barnett, Miller-Perrin & Perrin, 2005). For earthy years, the kind problem of family vehemence had non only been heavily ignored, besides for a num seasonl of years, had not been fully unsounded. For example, family furiousness takes slicey forms and has a outcome of several(predicate) names. Family frenzy, withal bopn as house servant fury, espousals smear, battering, family delirium, and intimate coadjutor frenzy (IPV), is defined as a normal of opprobrious behaviors by unitary partner a shed light onst an dissimilar in an intimate family much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as marriage, dating, family, or cohabitation (Barnett et al., 2005). Moreoer, family military force includes but is not limited to personal blackguard much(prenominal) as kicking and punching, but as well includes informal and emotional contumely. Emotional abuse includes controlling or domineering bullying stalking passive/covert abuse ( disregard) and economic deprivation and in many cases is to a greater extent(prenominal) than severe than physical abuse.The changing visibility of family emphasis is the leading indicator of the necessity of an historical onset to determineing it (Gordon, 2002). all over the historical few years, the general public in the US has endure familiar with family madness by means of with(predicate) novels coverage of highly publicizes cases, TV programs and movies. At the same time, researchers collect made great strides in recognizing the kitchen stove of family fierceness and the context in which it occurs (Barnett et al., 2005). As sociologists know of it today, family violence is politi adjurey, historically and fondly constructed (Gordon, 2002). In terms of business leader traffic and functionalism, family violence arises aside of power struggles in which members of the family atomic number 18 contesting for re bases and benefits (Gordon, 2002). Furthermore, these contests arise from some(prenominal)(prenominal) personal aspirations and switch over complaisant averages and conditions (Gordon, 2002). It is in that regardfrom outstanding to know that family violence croupenot be understood outside the context of the overall politics of the family. Historical developments that continue to lick family violence include prominent castrates in the agency of women and nestlingren (Gordon, 2002).It is imperative at that placefore for a historical abstract of family violence to include a have of the changing power relations among classes, sexes, and generations (Gordon, 2002). Political attitudes have similarly affect research findings almost family violence. Both psychological and sociological interpretations in the dig a lot ignore th e sexual activity politics of family violence issues, and the sex activity implications of insurance policy recommendations, not only when women or girls were the dupes, but also when women were the abusers (Gordon, 2002). Over the past 80 years, four major types of family violence have be examine and examined child abuse, child neglect, sexual abuse of children and wife beating. In by and by years, there have been opposite forms of family violence, which include sibling abuse (which is the to the highest degree common form of family violence), and elder abuse (Gordon, 2002).Family violence has had many several(predicate) faces historically, and has been classified in five disaccordent stages with incompatible revolve aboutes periodically. The first was the nineteenth century and child saving era, which was from 1876-1910. During this era, there was anti-cruelty to children movement that was influenced by the moderateness movement. Emphasis on the cruelty d single to ki ds was placed on the immigrant ugly and never the respect adequate to(p) classes (Gordon, 2002). The progressive era was followed by a child saving era which lasted from 1910 -1930 which lead to an dialect on child neglect. During this era, there was a decrease emphasis on alcohol and identified early(a) forms of essay such as poverty, unemployment and illness (Gordon, 2002). The depressed followed the progressive era where there was an increased defense for the conventional nuclear family.During the World state of war world war 2 era and the 1950s child neglect was increasingly seen as emotional neglect and the 1960s and 70s was a period of increased medicalization of family violence which, as sociologists have identified fuck have extremely negative affects (Gordon, 2002). A lot of attention to family violence began to gain increasing importance during the time of the womens movement in the mid-s resolutionies as a concern about wives world beaten by their husbands. Interes tingly enough, there was a rise in what almost call the mens movement as reception to the problem of domestic help help violence against men, which is generally omitted in the libber hypothesis (Barnett et al., 2005). Some flaws in the womens rightist approach to family violence (as well as early(a)s that egress be further discussed in the paper), is that it has reduced domestic violence, especially against men as their likeliness of cosmos killed by a fe young-begetting(prenominal) intimate partner has decreased six-fold (Barnett et al., 2005).OVERVIEW OF SEMINAR READINGS WEEK 2 symbolic inter consummationism is a status which seeks to understand how hatful interact with early(a)s (Ingoldsby, Smith & Miller, 2004a). The supposition claims that people interact with hotshot an new(prenominal) by interpreting each others actions (Ingoldsby et al., 2004a). Their response is base on the meanings that they attach to such actions (Ingoldsby et al., 2004a). Thus, human fundamental fundamental interaction is for the most part mediated by the use of symbols (Karp & Yoels, 1993). Authors Karp & Yoels (1993) discuss notions of the generalized other and feeling-glass self as examples of symbols with which we interact. In unityness precedent, the self emerges from common expectations that others have about well-disposed norms at bottom a particular edict (Karp & Yoels, 1993). But in another instance, people result self-evaluate themselves against the recognized judgments of others and act accordingly (Karp & Yoels, 1993). The emphasis on symbols brings attention to the maps people cope with. Role-playing is a bring up mechanism that allows people to see another persons aspect to understand what an action might mean (Ingoldsby et al., 2004a).In sum, no situation is static but rather contextual (Ingoldsby et al., 2004a). Individuals then through their own behavior and interaction with others, construct their individual kind realities (Karp & Yoels, 1993 Ingoldsby et al., 2004a). Situating family violence within a claywork of symbolic interactionism is important in that it provides a context within which people develop their personal interpretations of events. Therefore to understand family violence requires knowledge of the processes through which such interpretations emerge. Rosen (1996) and Mullaney (2007) illustrate ways in which interpretations of the self atomic number 18 at the core of domestic violence. Their findings atomic number 18 essential for consciousness how family violence continues over time. Findings also help to account for the formation and preservation of culture and social roles in society. In one respect, interpretations of the self be mediated through two primary orientations of communication processes of seduction and processes of entrapment (Rosen, 1996).This first is characterized by forces that run away to draw women into their family relationships (romantic fantasies and romanti c fusion) and the second by forces that keep them there selection tactics, cognitive dissonance, roller coaster relationships, traumatic bonding, Romeo and Juliet notions, and peer-family collusion (Rosen, 1996). For example, within the framework of symbolic interactionism, processes of seduction can be loosely defined as a dependent emotional state (Rosen, 1996). Individuals then, connect with partners because they internalize sympathetic appreciations of flunk and dependency to communicate feelings of love (Rosen, 1996). The interplay of such communication patterns facilitates an environment of spousal abuse that is likely to continue so long as interaction is repetitive (Rosen, 1996). Processes of entrapment on the other hand, can be argued to demonstrate the externalization of the communication patterns found in processes of seduction. erst meanings of dependency and weakness have been internalized as being both legitimate and appropriate within the context of ones relatio nship, these women rationalize such behavior as the norm and thus check. Survival tactics for example illustrate these efforts, by which women actively engage towards relationship management of an abusive relationship, otherwise internalized as an congenial social norm. In contrast, Mullaney (2007) identifies low self-esteem as a jibe of mens furious behavior. Domestic violence then, is a action to the assaults or perceived attacks on mens self-concept (Mullaney, 2007). Mullaney (2007) argues that men will most very much justify, yet also minimize, excuse, or blame and assert no apology on account for their violence towards women.These categories serve as scripts through which perceptions of masculinity are restored (Mullaney, 2007). If threatened, masculinity evolves accordingly as men interpret the actions of those around them. For example, womens irrational spending habits whitethorn weaken mens role as financial provider (Mullaney, 2007). work force would argue that s uch habits do not align functionally with womens domestic and social roles (Mullaney, 2007). By doing so, mens responses are ground on the meanings which they attach to such actions and reflect cultural expectations of gender difference. This is snarled because it helps promote and develop stereotypically gendered selves (Mullaney, 2007). Symbolic interactionism then, makes useful in demonstrating how dominant ideologies of gender are enacted within the interactions of marital relationships, and lend to domestic violence in the process.THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVESwomens liberationist TheoryThe root of feminist surmise begins with the cellular inclusion of gender and power. womens rightists argue that the distinctions among males and womanishs are not inherent or functional rather they are socially constructed to create and maintain male power in society and thus the family (Yllo, 1993). This scent out of patriarchy reinforces handed-down social roles and the relationship betwee n the division of power and gender. The feminist perspective adumbrates that men use violence to retain their dominance or sense of control within the institution of the family. Thus, the feminist effigy takes that domestic violence is utilized as another means of the social control of women, and takes grow at a personal, institutional, symbolic and material level. The masking of a feminist lense to Rosens (1996) article allows for a truly divergent approach to the processes of abduction and entrapment. The feminist perspective would likely explain that the forces drawing women into abusive relationships were largely referable(p) to the social expectations of femininity and masculinity. The concept of romantic fantasies can be explored through gender identities.Here society portrays the male as being a strong, aggressive, independent individual and the female as a weak, sheeplike individual that is largely dependant on their partner. For instance, the fantasy of Cinderella eludes that a man can protect a muliebrity and save her from her problems. Feminists would raise that women glint victim to these relationships due to the inequalities portrayed by traditional gender norms. Feminist theorists would likely explain the concept of romantic fusion as being due to the extremely controlling nature of husbands within a hoary marriage. This type of relationship is defined as Patriarchal Terrorism (Johnson, 1995). Here, the woman in the relationship would be forced to part with her individual characteristics and execute completely devoted to her husband (Johnson, 1995). Furthermore, the husband whitethorn further control the identity of the woman by ref exploitation to allow her to go to work or maintain friends outside of the actual relationship.The feminist lens would offer a slightly different interpretation of the processes that restrict women from escaping abusive relationships. Though women whitethorn still use coping mechanisms and adhere to ot her social forces, outlined by symbolic interactionaists, feminist surmisal suggests two main reasons why they stay in risky relationships. The first reason women stay in abusive relationships is fro the sake of their children (Emery, 2009). In cases such as these women will stay with the intent of maintaining round stability for their kids by trying keeping the family in tact. The other reasons women whitethorn stay are due to the normalization of gender norms in society. Feminist system sees the root causes of intimate partner violence as a designer of living in a society that excuses aggressive male behaviours (Yllo, 1993). In other words, because these behaviours are so normative, some women whitethorn excuse the behavior and treat it as the norm. What is perceived as the norm also varies across culture. Even today, many cultures adhere to traditional hegemonic norms and strongly believe women should be completely subservient to their husbands. In cases such as this, abu se may be next to impossible to escape.The application of the feminist perspective to Mullaneys (2007) article would allow for a similar digest of the attitudes of men and their reasons for rationalizing their abusive behaviours. Mullaney (2007) suggests that men will often become raging due to low self-esteem and a perceived attack on their self-concept. The feminist lens would suggest that men become tearing due to the inequalities in society that allow men an advantage role and with that gendered norms. Traditional hegemonic masculine norms suggest that men should be leaders that are strong, in control and tough. This is what the men in the study were trying to demonstrate. Whenever, they tangle that their sense of masculinity was being challenged they would lash out in an take on to regain control. The Control Model of Domestic Violence further provides a precise framework in displaying the interconnectedness between violence and other forms of coercive control. Simply put , the feminist theory suggests that men use violence as a tactic of controlling their abuse wives from participating in actions they have not sanctioned.Family corpses TheoryThe Family Systems theory provides a very unique, holistic perspective on the topic of violence in the family. This perspective describes the family as a unit of interacting personalities. Sociologist Ernest Burgess, best summarized this perspective when he stated that the family is more then just a definition it is a living, super spirit that has its essence in the interaction of its members (Ingoldsby, Smith & Miller, 2004b). Each member of the family plays a very important role in the overall functioning of the unit. When apply to the topic of violence in the institution of the family, this paradigm focuses on the family dynamics that contribute to domestic abuse. Subsequently less attention is rivet on the individual perpetrating the violence and more attention is paid to the environment skirt the viole nce and the role each character in the family plays. The Family Systems perspective offers a diverse interpretation of Rosens (1996) article on the processes of abduction and entrapment.Family Systems Theorists differ with respect to how they feel that women are drawn into abusive relationships. This perspective identifies the connection between family goals, rules and control, and how together one can fully understand the development and causation of domestic abuse (Ingoldsby et al., 2004b). For example in the article by Rosen (1996), it can be seen that by using family systems theory and studying familial interactions that authorized females may be predisposed to the Cinderella and Beauty and the Beast paradigms. By looking at how their families function, one may be able to see the cycle effect due to unresolved or violent backgrounds these victimized individuals may come from. They may fall into a similar pattern from what they know at home, thereby examining the origins of th is behavior and viewing the interconnectedness of how one internalizes family rules and judgments of control.Family Systems Theory offers a unique interpretation as to the role women play in becoming stuck in abusive relationships. In the stages front marriage, women will often date their partner, while simultaneously leading start lives which consist of separate relations. As the commitment in a relationship increases, a couple begins to modify their individual social lives. In these types of situations, both men and women will often make more time for one another. This allows for the woman to feel appreciated and loved. As the relationship continues to progress, incidents of sexual avariciously among men will often become a major source of conflict. This sense of possessiveness will ultimately cause the female to begin part ties with male friends, and become increasingly committed to her future husband (Dobash & Dobash, 1993). Once married, dramatic changes occur and the extr eme constriction of the wives social life takes place. With the introduction of children, comes the solidification of traditional gendered norms. Wives become extremely restricted and are left over(p) responsible for domestic work, such as the operation of the home (Dobash & Dobash, 1993).This may cause women to become increasingly dependant on their husbands. Subsequently, when sources of conflict occur, such as sexual jealousy, disputes over domestic duties or the expenditure of money, women may feel that they have no mobility and are stick in their incumbent situation. Lastly, Family Systems Theory offers a holistic approach to the factors found in Mullaneys (2007) article that cause men abuse their partners. Like Feminists, Family Systems theorists also believe that a very important aspect of traditional hegemonic masculinity is the share of control. However, unlike the feminist theory this approach tests to understand what causes men to misplace control.One explanation is that violent men often feel as if they may lose control, if they express their emotions, and thus hold it in. This in turn, causes violent men to generally be less emotionally reactive to stress on a day-to-day basis, then non-violent men (Umberson, Anderson, Williams, & Chen, 2003). Though in the short term, repression may be a successful coping dodging for reducing stress and anxiety, it causes the individual increased predicaments in the long run. Repression turns a violent man into a ticking-time bomb, one that is ready to explode in a violent manner.As a result, unlike feminist theories or social interactionism, family systems theory attempts to understand violence in the family by examining every(prenominal) interdependent part of the family. This includes the part both the victims and the offenders play, as well as the role everyday stresses and ones speedy environment have in alter to family violence.Social ConstructionismThe methodological approach of Social Constructi onism somewhat contrasts the assumptions of other hypothetical perspectives that explore the issue of family violence. This paradigm suggests that the emergence of social problems is heavily due to how society, or more specifically institutions within society such as the mainstream media, portrays the issue at hand. Furthermore, social constructionists are often referred to as claims-makers, in that they present a claim that attempts to define the problem at hand. These claims can be heavily influenced by the agenda of the claims-maker, and will clearly rank the roles of the characters within the construct of the event. For instance, social constructionists will identify the perpetrator of the violence as the villain and the maltreated partner as the victim. The analysis of Rosens article surrounding the processes involved with seduction and entrapment, using a constructionist lens, provides a different interpretation to the ways women become bound to abusive relations.This persp ective focuses on the subjective definitions that cause social problems and look to frame the phenomena of family violence as a social problem (Loseke, 2005). For instance, symbolic interactionism maintains that some abused women are bound to relationships by the process of cognitive dissonance. In cases such as this, women create discrepancies between what they believe the violence in the relationship signifies and what is actually happening. Constructionists on the other hand will focus very little time into how women construct the violent situations. Instead this perspective theorizes that these women have fallen victims to the violent, controlling nature of their abusive, villainous male partners (Loseke, 2005). The media or other primary claims-makers would further emphasis on violent vocal claims, visual images and specific behaviours. The reason of this is to evoke the emotions of society in baffle to persuade society that a troubled condition exists.The application of a co nstructions lens to Mullaneys article on the reasons and types of rationalizations men provide for spousal abuse would allow theorists a better judgment of the ways victims and villains perceive family violence. The social constructionist lens suggests that men create their own social human beings. This reality allows men to rationalize their behaviours. For example, in Mullaneys (2007) article men would often minimize, justify or even deny abusive behaviours. These men will often excuse their behaviours by blaming social or external factors, such as alcohol abuse and the structural problems associated with poverty. These claims are sometimes able to persuade audiences and have allowed for some villains to be rehabilitated through the medicalization of their deviance.ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGESSymbolic InteractionismSymbolic Interactionism is a key tool to examine domestic violence and its non-homogeneous intricacies. In essence, SI theory attempts to look at domestic violence f rom the viewpoint of individuals and their interactions with other people. This theory explains that individuals are engulfed in a symbolized environment, where the meanings for these symbols are altered within the course of interaction with other people (Karp & Yoels, 1993). For example, in the article The ties that bind women to violent antenuptial relationships Processes of seduction and entrapment, SI is exemplified in the notion of cognitive dissonance. If a man were to slap his wife, while she may see this as an expression or symbol of love, many other people would see this as abuse. Therefore, the difference and meanings of symbols is very fluid, changing and subjective.Furthermore, SI theory is extremely hard-hitting in allowing researchers to understand and describe the individuals and their behaviors. It allows an understanding of how conflicts and complex behavioral patterns may arise in relationships, and how the interpretations of symbols may play a role in domestic d isputes. This theory is quite effective in predicting future behavior (SI theory is advantageous to use as it grows and adapts to changes within society) and the roles they may play in the relationship either as a perpetrator or a victim, and the context in which these roles are played (Karp & Yoels, 1993). Rosen (1996) explains and clumps together several types of entrapment processes, such as placation or isolation, which predicts why and how females are coerced to remain in that sort of relationship.In addition, this theory does lack certain key elements in understanding domestic violence in its entirety. Due to the quite narrow scope of analysis, it is not very useful in understanding more macro levels of interactions such as groups or family systems. Another impairment is that it is quite hard to apply the theory to other cultures, as its findings and hypotheses are based on a rummy cultural atmosphere. Since monotony across cultures does not exist, a grand, overarching theo ry of domestic violence cannot be established, thereby making international or cross-cultural comparisons quite trying.FeminismDomestic violence as viewed through the feminist perspective focuses on the relationship between gender and the division of power in the familial framework (Yllo, 1993). This framework allows domestic abuse to be viewed in a way that is quite distinct from other theories. Feminist theory reveals that the social expectations regarding masculinity and femininity give relationships their shape, which may result in violent and abusive familial relations (Yllo, 1993). Feminist theory allows for the recognition of the effects of patriarchy in an abusive relationship, which is normally overlook in other theories. For instance, the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS) looks at the violence in families, however it neglects several other aspects that could contribute to violence. CTS assumes that males and females are both equally violent in domestic relationships however, f eminists note that CTS fails to account for the social expectations (Yllo, 1993).The social expectations of the division of power between a male and female within a relationship can give rise to the abuse and therefore, it cannot be assumed that males and females are equally violent and there are statistical measures that portray a gendered view. For example in the reading, Patriarchal act of terrorism and common couple violence two forms of violence against women it can be seen that feminism denotes a difference in the types of violence that occur in domestic partnerships and further differentiates between common couple violence and patriarchal terrorism. This article notes that while CTS looks only at a limited number of control tactics, feminism can shed light to several other controlling methods. While, one can see that feminist theory brings up key defining points that are commonly overlooked, it does remain flawed in many respects.Feminist theory is difficult to apply to for ms of domestic violence except for spousal abuse specifically it only examines the abuse say towards women. It automatically victimizes the female, and thereby situates the male in role of the villain. Another disadvantage of using solely feminist theory is that same-sex relationships are also not taken into account in their analyses, since it is assumed in feminist analysis that males are the perpetrators and use violence in the relationship to control women.For instance in the article, The ties that bind women to violent premarital relationships Processes of seduction and entrapment, the analyses are based on the observation of heterosexual relationships. It did not look at how and if these processes of entrapment are applicable to transvestic relationships, for instance, do the Cinderella or Beauty and the Beast paradigm still adequately explain why homosexuals remain in violent relationships. It can be seen that there is a victim/perpetrator bodily structure of the violent re lationship, however it cannot be concluded that the processes that entrap victims in violent relationship are similar for same-sex couples.Family Systems TheoryFamily systems theory is a more holistic approach to understanding abuse within the family and further looks into how everyone within this framework is interconnected. Therefore, it explains how the individual affects the family system and vice versa. Through this analysis, one key contribution of this theory is that it paves the way of identifying the connection between family goals, rules and control, and how together one can fully understand the development and causation of domestic abuse (Ingoldsby et al., 2004b). For example in the article by Rosen (1996), it can be seen that by using family systems theory and studying familial interactions, certain females may be predisposed to the Cinderella and Beauty and the Beast paradigms. By looking at how their families function, one may be able to see the recycling effect due to unresolved or violent backgrounds these victimized individuals may come from.They may fall into a similar pattern from what they know at home, thereby examining the origins of this behavior and viewing the interconnectedness of how one internalizes family rules and ideas of control. In the article, Stay for the Children? economize Violence, Marital Stability, and Childrens Behavior Problems it clearly articulates that the violent behavior is internalized or externalized by children by prolonged exposure of violent behavior. The cyclical pattern of violence is foreseeable in these sorts of family arrangements, thereby being consistent with the idea that the system of family and the individuals within it are affected by each other on a constant basis. Family Systems theory also helps identify the different sorts of family structures in terms of their communicational boundaries and also allows the recognition of the various outcomes for a particular situation (Ingoldsby et al., 2004b ).Understanding that there are multiple outcomes for a given situation sets a more encompassing investigation and limits the likelihood of leaving something out or missing a key-contributing factor. It also allows a point of differentiation, and assumes that not all people react the same when the situation arises. This is important as it further provides the researcher with a defining and constricting point as to which sort of family has a higher likelihood for domestic violence to occur and persist. Some of the downfalls of using family systems theory are that it is often criticized that it is too general and therefore, its application remains vague. The vagueness stretches from the assumption that systems theory is not a true theory rather it is a model that is more methodological than theoretical.Social ConstructionismSocial constructionist theory is a popular theory used to examine the roles played in an abusive relationship. An advantage of constructionist theory is that it cle arly identifies the victim and the villain within the construct of the particular event (Loseke, 2005). Claims-makers are portrayed as practical actors constructing successful claims that reflect vivacious culture, and producing new culture of various social problems, specifically family violence. Social constructionism also allows domestic violence issues to be raised to the forefront and become more public, through the media. Through its application and explanations, this theory can be used to show how knowledge is socially constructed and how that knowledge reflects power and politics in family violence situations. Furthermore, it can give shape to other forms of domestic violence through counter claims making, such as husband abuse. Unlike other theories, constructionism is quite useful in examining other types of abuse and not singularly looking at wife abuse like feminism (Loseke, 2005). Constructionism allows for the understanding of child or elder abuse in the household.Thi s theory also helps understand how people construct realities that keep them in abusive relationships, and how the relationship may be viewed differently to other people. In the article by Mullaney (2007), the construction of the mens reality of the situation may differ from what abuse has occurred to the wife. The husband may reframe the abuse as non-violent or suggest that in that instance of abuse that it was not the real him that was carrying out the abuse. The disadvantages of using social constructionist theory are that due to the fact that individual events are a crucial component to the analysis, its subjectivity allows much room for debate. This makes it difficult to develop a theory that can encompass all the social realities and have it apply to all domestic violence cases cross-culturally.While looking at the article Creating clients Social problems work in a security for battered women, it can be seen that shelters create an ideal client that one must fit in order to b e allowed to be in the shelter. Creating this sort of criteria leaves out many other people who typically do not fit the stereotype or do not check the conditions set out by the providers even though they are in need of assistance. Using this theory, it seems as though society has constructed an ideal victim and those who do not appear to fit this idealistic view of a victim are often rejected despite their need for immediate attention.Social constructionism therefore does not grant that everyone experiencing violence will be offered assistance, as this is based on the shelters perception of what a victim should look like. Family violence is a very serious social problem, and while social critics focus on how to achieve social change in this regard, social constructionists work to achieve new knowledge. Thus, social constructionism does not only pose a potentially dangerous approach to understanding and treatment of family violence, but it also does not examine objective conditions in their own right and seek to solve this social problem essentially there are no real truths due to the subjectivity of the theory. blameAlthough much research and knowledge has been gathered in the field of family violence, there are ways in which this research must progress. Theoretically, family systems theory, symbolic interactionism, social constructionism, and feminist perspectives each have advantages in their application. As previously discussed, they each additionally have faults that hinder the study of family violence. We propose that a new theoretical framework be considered which essentially combines different aspects of each. For example, the notions of cause and effect associated with family systems, with an understanding of roles, salience and identity associated with symbolic interactionism. These theories can additionally be used to critically examine the core concepts of each. For example, how is the process of the looking-glass self influenced by the double-bin d. Theoretical application in these ways may lead to new ways of perceiving family violence.The study of family violence also should attempt to increase its scope. Studies of family violence must adjust due to emerging and increasingly common alternating(a) family forms same-sex parent families and polygamous relationships are such examples. Methodologically, the study of family violence should attempt to attain a more culturally diverse sample. Many of the readings focused on this semester relied on a predominantly Caucasian sample, and studies focusing on different ethnicities would be beneficial. If researchers are to examine alternative family forms they must also establish a methodology that is sensitive to the discolouration surrounding different identities, for example the emasculation associated with husband abuse, or the intersection of a homosexual identity within a context of family violence. Researchers should also establish a methodology that accounts for those patter ns of violence considered less severe than others such as communicatory abuse, as studies pertaining solely to physical violence are not enough. Practically, we suggest that researchers focus on early intervention through education.Researchers should aim for the instruction execution of programs directed to informing children and teenagers about this social issue. With increased awareness may come increased action towards ending the problem. These programs may assist a young person who is dealing with family violence, giving them an opportunity to speak to soul about it. Making the issue visible, giving it a platform to be discussed and early intervention is requisite to decreasing the frequency of family violence. The application of different aspects of the theories discussed this semester will be beneficial to the study of family violence as a whole. The fallacies of one theory may be redeemed through the exercising of another. When evaluating such troubling social issues such as family violence, it is important to continuously think critically.In the cases of physical violence, we know that though symbolic interactionism, family members react to a situation based on their ability interpret the situation. So, it is important to understand the symbols the family uses to understand their interactions and behaviors. If a family is exposed to continuous physical abuse, in what ways do the family members interpret and internalize it? Why is it that many of the abused women came from families where no abuse was present and moreover continue the cycle of abuse? Where has the self worth gone or was it ever there in the first place? We now know some of the reasons why family violence is not reported and a lot of it has to do with the social stigma that is attributed both by those receiving the abuse and those who are the abusers. By building on rather than challenging the theories we can expand our knowledge and practically work through programs to assist thos e dealing with family violence.REFERENCESBarnett, O. W., Miller-Perrin, C. L., & Perrin, R. D. (2005). Family violence across the lifespan An introduction (2nd ed.). super C Oaks CA Sage Publications. Dobash, R. E. & Dobash, R. (1993). Violence against wives. In B. Fox (Ed.), Familypatterns Gender relations (pp. 299-317). Toronto Oxford University Press. Emery, C. R. (2009). Stay for the children? Husband violence, marital stability, and childrens behavior problems. Journal of unification and the Family, 71, 905-916. Gordon, L. (1989). The politics and history of family violence. In A. Skolnick & J. Skolnick (Eds.), Family in Transition (pp. 68-86). Glenview, Illinois Scott, Foresman and Company. Ingoldsby, B., Smith, S., & Miller, J. (2004a). Symbolic interactionism theory. In B. Ingoldsby, S. Smith, & J. Miller (Eds.), Exploring family theories (pp. 81-92). CA Roxbury publication Company. Ingoldsby, B., Smith, S., & Miller, J. (2004b). Family systems theory. In B. Ingoldsby, S. Smith, & J. Miller (Eds.), Exploring family theories (pp. 167-179). CA Roxbury Publishing Company. Johnson, M. (1995). Patriarchal terrorism and common couple violence two forms of violence against women. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57, 283-294. Karp, D., & Yoels, B. (1993). Socialization and the construction of social reality. In D. Karp & W. Yoels (Eds.), Sociology in everyday life (pp. 37-59). Illinois Waveland Press. Loseke, D. R. (2005). Construction people. In D. R. Loseke (Ed.), Thinking about social problems An introduction to constructionist perspective (pp. 75-96). London Aldine Transaction. Mullaney, J. L. (2007). Telling it like a man Masculinities and battering mens accounts of their violence. Men and Masculinities, 10, 222-247. Rosen, K. (1996). The ties that bind women to violent premarital relationships Processes of seduction and entrapment. In D. Cahn & S. Lloyd (Eds.), Family violence from a communication perspective (pp. 151-176). deoxyguanosine monophosp hate Oaks, CA Sage Publications. Umberson, D., Anderson, K., Williams, K., and Chen, M. (2003). Relation dynamics, emotion state, and domestic violence a stress and masculinities perspective. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 65, 233-247. Yllo, K. (1993). Through a feminist lens Gender, power, and violence. In R. Gelles & D. Loseke (Eds.), Current controversies on family violence (pp. 47-62). Newbury Park Sage Publications.

Phaedrus Plato Essay

Phaedrus By Plato Written 360 B. C. E Translated by Benjamin Jowett Persons of the Dialogue SOCRATES PHAEDRUS. Scene downstairs a plane-tree, by the banks of the Ilissus. Socrates. My savour smell Phaedrus, wthusly go on you, and whither atomic number 18 you t unriv each(prenominal)ed sacking? Phaedrus. I get down from Lysias the son of Cephalus, and I am dismission to view a crack popside the w tot onlyy, for I ask been gravelting with him the datety morning and our common fri annul Acu menus tells me that it is much much refreshing to walk in the open air than to be shut up in a cloister. Soc. on that point he is right.Lysias past(prenominal), I suppose, was in the town? Phaedr. Yes, he was go alonging with Epicrates, hither at the house of Morychus that house which is near the temple of special Zeus. Soc. And how did he entertain you? Can I be wrong(p) in supposing that Lysias gave you a spread dubiousness of discourse? Phaedr. You sh two hear, if you screw sp atomic number 18 time to keep up me. Soc. And should I non confine the conversation of you and Lysias a thing of luxuriously import, as I may set up in the instance communication of Pindar, than each business? Phaedr. Will you go on? Soc. And bequeath you go on with the narration? Phaedr.My history, Socrates, is whizz of your way, for cheat was the theme which in use(p) us - delight in subsequently a excogitate Lysias has been writing closely a sensible younker who was be tempted, scarcely non by a sports fan and this was the focus he ingeniously proved that the non- de atomic number 18str should be judge so wizardr than the buffer. Soc. O that is noble of him I wish that he would recount the paltry public rather than the rich, and the old military humanity rather than the young unrivalled then he would meet the case of me and of m each an separate(prenominal) a(prenominal) an(prenominal) a man his spoken language would be quite refres hing, and he would be a public benefactor.For my p invention, I do so long to hear his row, that if you walk all the individualal stylus to Megara, and when you shoot reached the wall beat back, as Herodicus recommends, with protrude going in, I lead keep you comp whatsoal agencys. Phaedr. What do you sloshed, my genuine Socrates? How mass you imagine that my un applyd shop can do justice to an elaborate work, which the massiveest rhetorician of the get on with spent a long time in composing. Indeed, I can non I would absorb a great deal if I could. Soc.I believe that I take aim intercourse Phaedrus roughly as well as I k direct myself, and I am in truth sure that the dustup of Lysias was repeat to him, non at once provided, al unitary again and again-he insisted on hearing it m either(prenominal) times all over and Lysias was real leave behinding to beguile him at last, when nonhing else would do, he got bear of the book, and looked at what he n ear sine qua noned to expect,-this occupied him during the alone morning -and then when he was tired with sitting, he went out to take a walk, non until, by the dog, as I believe, he had manifestly learned by heart the entire discourse, unless it was unusually long, and he went to a countersink impertinent the wall that he competency practise his lesson. in that respect he saw a authorized rooter of discourse who had a corresponding weakness-he saw and rejoiced at a time aspect he, I shall conformation a partner in my revels. And he invited him to come and walk with him. besides when the sports fan of discourse begged that he would repeat the tale, he gave himself airs and tell, No I can non, as if he were indisposed although, if the heargonr had refused, he would in the start place or later pass on been compel take by him to listen whether he would or no. Therefore, Phaedrus, mastery him do at once what he bequeath soon do whether bidden or non. Phaedr. I s ee that you forget non permit me off until I verbalize in several(prenominal) fashion or former(a) verily then my surpass plan is to giberess as I outdo can. Soc. A precise neat remark, that of yours. Phaedr.I pull up stakes do as I say and when believe me, Socrates, I did non learn the very ledgers-O no n for perpetuallytheless I dupe a general notion of what he said, and provide give you a summary of the points in which the raw sienna differed from the non- venerater. Let me begin at the get-go. Soc. Yes, my overbold one moreover you essential premiere of all show what you come in your left(a) hand under your cloak, for that roll, as I suspect, is the substantial discourse. today, much as I love you, I would not withstand you suppose that I am going to redeem your memory exercised at my expense, if you go Lysias himself here. Phaedr. plentiful I see that I vex no hope of practising my art upon you. tho if I am to read, where would you please to s it? Soc. Let us turn aside and go by the Ilissus we testament sit down at almost quiet spot. Phaedr.I am soften off(predicate) in not having my sandals, and as you n eer run through any, I forecast that we may go along the brook and cool our feet in the water supply this forget be the easiest counselling, and at midday and in the summer is off the beaten track(predicate) from be unpleasant. Soc. Lead on, and look out for a place in which we can sit down. Phaedr. Do you see the tallest plane-tree in the distance? Soc. Yes. Phaedr. There be shade and gentle breezes, and grass on which we may every sit or lie down. Soc. Move forward. Phaedr. I should like to know, Socrates, whether the place is not somewhere here at which Boreas is said to give carried off Orithyia from the banks of the Ilissus? Soc. Such is the tradition. Phaedr. And is this the exact spot?The little stream is delightfully clear and bright I can fancy that in that respect cleverness be maidens p seting near. Soc. I believe that the spot is not just now here, however about a quarter of a mile bring low down, where you baffle to the temple of Artemis, and at that place is, I take, some sort of an communion table of Boreas at the place. Phaedr. I consent never noticed it exactly I beseech you to tell me, Socrates, do you believe this tale? Soc. The refreshed atomic number 18 doubtful, and I should not be singular if, like them, I too doubted. I might have a rational interpretation that Orithyia was anticing with P impairmentacia, when a northern gust carried her over the neighbouring rocks and this being the manner of her death, she was said to have been carried away by Boreas.There is a discrepancy, however, about the neighbourhood according to an an an early(a)(prenominal)(prenominal)wise version of the story she was taken from Areopagus, and not from this place. flat I quite ac noesis that these allegories be very nice, further he is not to be envied who has to in vent them much labour and ingenuity go forrard be required of him and when he has once begun, he mustiness go on and rehabilitate Hippocentaurs and chimeras dire. Gorgons and winged steeds flow in apace, and numberless other inconceivable and portentous tempers. And if he is sceptical about them, and would fain swerve them one afterwards another to the rules of probability, this sort of crude ism entrust take up a great deal of time. directly I have no leisure for much(prenominal) enquiries shall I tell you wherefore?I must first know myself, as the Delphian account says to be curious about that which is not my concern, fleck I am still in ignorance of my own self, would be ridiculous. And indeed I bid f bewell to all this the common imprint is large for me. For, as I was saying, I want to know not about this, and about myself am I a monster more complicated and futile with passion than the serpent Typho, or a creature of a gentler and simpler sort, to whom dis position has given a noblemanr and lowlier destiny? further let me contend you, friend have we not reached the plane-tree to which you were conducting us? Phaedr. Yes, this is the tree. Soc. By Here, a attractive simplenessing-place, full of summer fails and scents.Here is this lofty and spreading plane-tree, and the agnus cast us high and clustering, in the fullest b wrongom and the greatest fragrance and the stream which flows beneath the plane-tree is deliciously cold to the feet. Judging from the or garner waternts and go steadys, this must be a spot sacrosanct to Achelous and the Nymphs. How delightful is the breeze-so very novel and there is a sound in the air shrill and summerlike which decl bes answer to the chorus of the cicadae. just the greatest hex of all is the grass, like a pillow gently pitch to the head. My beneficial Phaedrus, you have been an admirable guide. Phaedr. What an incomprehensible being you are, Socrates when you are in the country, as you say, you in reality are like some stranger who is led about by a guide. Do you ever cross the fudge? I rather infer that you never venture even outside the gates. Soc.Very true, my practised friend and I hope that you leave excuse me when you hear the contend, which is, that I am a lover of experience, and the men who dwell in the metropolis are my teachers, and not the trees or the country. Though I do indeed believe that you have fix a spell with which to manoeuvre me out of the city into the country, like a hungry cow in advance whom a bough or a bunch of fruit is waved. For notwith stand up hold up before me in like manner a book, and you may lead me all round Attica, and over the wide world. And now having arrived, I intend to lie down, and do you choose any posture in which you can read best. Begin. Phaedr. Listen. You know how matters stand with me and how, as I conceive, this social occasion may be arranged for the improvement of twain of us.And I fend for that I ought not to fail in my suit, because I am not your lover for lovers repent of the kindnesses which they have shown when their passion ceases, exactly to the non-lovers who are on the loose(p) and not under any compulsion, no time of repentance ever comes for they confer their benefits according to the measure of their ability, in the way which is most contri scarceive to their own inte reside. Then again, lovers consider how by tenableness of their love they have drop their own concerns and rendered service to others and when to these benefits conferred they add on the troubles which they have endured, they think that they have long ago do to the making love a very ample return. precisely the non-lover has no such tormenting commemorations he has never neglected his af mean(a)s or scrapled with his relations he has no troubles to add up or excuse to invent and being well rid of all these evils, why should he not freely do what lead gratify the loved?If you say t hat the lover is more to be p get, because his love is model to be great for he is bequeathing to say and do what is hostile to other men, in order to please his dear-that, if true, is scarce if a proof that he pull up stakes prefer any future love to his impersonate, and forget injure his old love at the delight of the new. And how, in a matter of such infinite importance, can a man be right in trusting himself to one who is afflicted with a malady which no experienced person would attempt to cure, for the patient himself films that he is not in his right intellect, and acknowledges that he is wrong in his mind, unless says that he is unable to control himself? And if he came to his right mind, would he ever imagine that the desires were good which he conceived when in his wrong mind? erst more, there are many more non-lovers than lovers and if you choose the best of the lovers, you will not have many to choose from only if from the non-lovers, the choice will be la rger, and you will be far more likely to hear among them a person who is quotable of your companionship. If public opinion be your dread, and you would annul reproach, in all probability the lover, who is always thinking that other men are as emulous of him as he is of them, will gasconade to some one of his successes, and make a show of them openly in the pride of his hearthe wants others to know that his labour has not been lost(p) moreover the non-lover is more his own master, and is desirous of solid good, and not of the opinion of mankind.Again, the lover may be generally noted or seen side by side(p) the heartfelt (this is his regular occupation), and whenever they are observed to ex flip-flop twain words they are supposed to meet about some affair of love either past or in contemplation but when non-lovers meet, no one asks the reason why, because people know that reprimanding to another is natural, whether friendship or mere enjoyment be the motive. Once more, i f you venerate the changefulness of friendship, consider that in any other case a quarrel might be a mutual incident but now, when you have given up what is most precious to you, you will be the greater loser, and thereof, you will have more reason in being fearful of the lover, for his vexations are many, and he is always fancying that every one is leagued against him. Wherefore lso he debars his beloved from society he will not have you familiar(p) with the wealthy, lest they should exceed him in wealth, or with men of education, lest they should be his superiors in concord and he is equally afraid of anybodys influence who has any other advantage over himself. If he can persuade you to break with them, you are left without friend in the world or if, out of a think to your own interest, you have more sense than to comply with his desire, you will have to quarrel with him. only if those who are non-lovers, and whose success in love is the return of their merit, will not b e jealous of the companions of their beloved, and will rather dislike those who refuse to be his associates, thinking that their favourite is slighted by the latter and benefited by the former for more love than hatred may be pass judgment to come to him out of his friendship with others.Many lovers too have loved the person of a youth before they knew his suit or his belongings so that when their passion has passed away, there is no knowing whether they will continue to be his friends whereas, in the case of non-lovers who were always friends, the friendship is not lessened by the favours granted but the memory of these remains with them, and is an eager of good things to come. Further, I say that you are likely to be improved by me, whereas the lover will spoil you. For they praise your words and actions in a wrong way partly, because they are afraid of offending you, and too, their judgment is weakened by passion.Such are the feats which love exhibits he makes things painfu l to the disappointed which give no pain to others he compels the successful lover to praise what ought not to give him pleasure, and therefore the beloved is to be pitied rather than envied. But if you listen to me, in the first place, I, in my intercourse with you, shall not merely regard present enjoyment, but as well future advantage, being not mastered by love, but my own master nor for teentsy causes fetching violent dislikes, but even when the cause is great, slowly laying up little wrathunintentional offences I shall forgive, and intentional ones I shall try to prevent and these are the marks of a friendship which will last. Do you think that a lover only can be a firm friend? eflect-if this were true, we should set small value on sons, or fathers, or mothers nor should we ever have firm friends, for our love of them arises not from passion, but from other associations. Further, if we ought to shower favours on those who are the most eager suitors,-on that principle, we ought always to do good, not to the most virtuous, but to the most needy for they are the persons who will be most relieved, and will therefore be the most grateful and when you make a feast you should invite not your friend, but the beggar and the empty mind for they will love you, and attend you, and come about your doors, and will be the best pleased, and the most grateful, and will invoke many a blessing on your head.Yet sure as shooting you ought not to be granting favours to those who besiege you with prayer, but to those who are best able to reward you nor to the lover only, but to those who are worthy of love nor to those who will enjoy the bloom of your youth, but to those who will share their possessions with you in age nor to those who, having succeeded, will glory in their success to others, but to those who will be modest and tell no tales nor to those who care about you for a moment only, but to those who will continue your friends through life nor to those who, when their passion is over, will pick a quarrel with you, but rather to those who, when the go of youth has left you, will show their own virtue.Remember what I have said and consider besides this further point friends admonish the lover under the idea that his way of life is bad, but no one of his kindred ever yet censured the non-lover, or thought that he was erroneous about his own interests. Perhaps you will ask me whether I give notice that you should indulge every non-lover. To which I reply that not even the lover would advise you to indulge all lovers, for the indiscriminate favour is less esteemed by the rational recipient, and less easily hidden by him who would trip out the censure of the world. instanter love ought to be for the advantage of both parties, and for the crack of neither. I believe that I have said enough but if there is anything more which you desire or which in your opinion inevitably to be supplied, ask and I will answer. Now, Socrates, what do you t hink?Is not the discourse excellent, more curiously in the matter of the language? Soc. Yes, quite admirable the effect on me was ravishing. And this I owe to you, Phaedrus, for I observed you while reading to be in an ecstasy, and thinking that you are more experienced in these matters than I am, I attach toed your example, and, like you, my divine darling, I became inspired with a phrenzy. Phaedr. Indeed, you are pleased to be merry. Soc. Do you concoct that I am not in earnest? Phaedr. Now dont talk in that way, Socrates, but let me have your real opinion I adjure you, by Zeus, the perfection of friendship, to tell me whether you think that any Hellene could have said more or spoken break up on the equivalent subject.Soc. Well, but are you and I expected to praise the sentiments of the author, or only the clearness, and roundness, and finish, and tournure of the language? As to the first I willingly submit to your break away judgment, for I am not worthy to form an opinio n, having only tended to(p) to the rhetorical manner and I was doubting whether this could have been defended even by Lysias himself I thought, though I treat under correction, that he repeated himself dickens or three times, either from want of words or from want of pains and also, he appeared to me ostentatiously to exult in present how well he could say the like thing in both or three ways. Phaedr.Nonsense, Socrates what you call repetition was the especial merit of the speech for he omitted no extendic of which the subject rightly allowed, and I do not think that any one could have spoken better or more exhaustively. Soc. There I cannot go along with you. past sages, men and women, who have spoken and written of these things, would rise up in judgment against me, if out of complaisance I assented to you. Phaedr. Who are they, and where did you hear anything better than this? Soc. I am sure that I must have perceive but at this moment I do not think of from whom perhaps from Sappho the fair, or Anacreon the wise or, possibly, from a prose writer. Why do I say so? Why, because I perceive that my bosom is full, and that I could make another speech as good as that of Lysias, and different.Now I am certain that this is not an invention of my own, who am well aware that I know nothing, and therefore I can only infer that I have been filled through the cars, like a pitcher, from the irrigate of another, though I have actually forgotten in my stupidity who was my informant. Phaedr. That is desperate-but never mind where you beard the discourse or from whom let that be a mystery not to be divulged even at my earnest desire. Only, as you say, promise to make another and better oration, equal in length and entirely new, on the same subject and I, like the nine-spot Archons, will promise to set up a golden get word at Delphi, not only of myself, but of you, and as large as life. Soc.You are a dear golden ass if you suppose me to mean that Lysias has alin concert missed the mark, and that I can make a speech from which all his arguments are to be excluded. The worst of authors will say something which is to the point. Who, for example, could speak on this thesis of yours without praising the discretion of the nonlover and blaming the indiscretion of the lover? These are the commonplaces of the subject which must come in (for what else is there to be said? ) and must be allowed and excused the only merit is in the recording of them, for there can be none in the invention but when you leave the commonplaces, then there may be some originality. Phaedr.I admit that there is reason in what you say, and I too will be reasonable, and will allow you to start with the premiss that the lover is more unordered in his wits than the non-lover if in what remains you make a semipermanent and better speech than Lysias, and use other arguments, then I say again, that a statue you shall have of beaten gold, and take your place by the bulky offeri ngs of the Cypselids at Olympia. Soc. How profoundly in earnest is the lover, because to tease him I lay a finger upon his love And so, Phaedrus, you really imagine that I am going to improve upon the ingenuity of Lysias? Phaedr. There I have you as you had me, and you must just speak as you best can. Do not let us exchange tu quoque as in a farce, or compel me to say to you as you said to me, I know Socrates as well as I know myself, and he was wanting to, speak, but he gave himself airs. Rather I would have you consider that from this place we resurrect not until you have unbosomed yourself of the speech for here are we all alone, and I am stronger, remember, and younger than you-Wherefore perpend, and do not compel me to use violence. Soc. But, my sweet Phaedrus, how ridiculous it would be of me to compete with Lysias in an extempore speech He is a master in his art and I am an uninstructed man. Phaedr. You see how matters stand and therefore let there be no more pretences for , indeed, I know the word that is irresistible. Soc. Then dont say it. Phaedr. Yes, but I will and my word shall be an oath. I say, or rather swear-but what beau ideal will be witness of my oath? By this plane-tree I swear, that unless you repeat the discourse here in the facet of this very plane-tree, I will never tell you another never let you have word of another Soc. Villain I am conquered the poor lover of discourse has no more to say. Phaedr. Then why are you still at your tricks? Soc. I am not going to play tricks now that you have taken the oath, for I cannot allow myself to be starved. Phaedr. Proceed. Soc. Shall I tell you what I will do? Phaedr. What? Soc. I will caul my face and gallop through the discourse as fast as I can, for if I see you I shall feel ashamed and not know what to say. Phaedr. Only go on and you may do anything else which you please. Soc.Come, O ye Muses, melodious, as ye are called, whether you have received this name from the character of your st rains, or because the Melians are a tuneful race, help, O help me in the tale which my good friend here desires me to rehearse, in order that his friend whom he always deemed wise may seem to him to be wiser than ever. Once upon a time there was a fair boy, or, more properly address, a youth he was very fair and had a great many lovers and there was one special cunning one, who had persuaded the youth that he did not love him, but he really loved him all the same and one day when he was paying his addresses to him, he used this very argument-that he ought to accept the non-lover rather than the lover his words were as deliver the goodss every good counsel begins in the same way a man should know what he is advising about, or his counsel will all come to nought.But people imagine that they know about the nature of things, when they dont know about them, and, not having come to an understanding at first because they think that they know, they end, as might be expected, in contradic ting one another and themselves. Now you and I must not be guilty of this fundamental error which we destine in others but as our question is whether the lover or non-lover is to be preferred, let us first of all agree in delimit the nature and forefinger of love, and then, keeping our eyes upon the definition and to this appealing, let us further enquire whether love brings advantage or injustice. Every one sees that love is a desire, and we know also that non-lovers desire the sightly and good. Now in what way is the lover to be terrific from the non-lover?Let us note that in every one of us there are two guiding and ruling principles which lead us whither they will one is the natural desire of pleasure, the other is an acquired opinion which aspires after the best and these two are sometimes in harmony and then again at war, and sometimes the one, sometimes the other conquers. When opinion by the help of reason leads us to the best, the conquering principle is called temper ance but when desire, which is devoid of reason, rules in us and drags us to pleasure, that power of misrule is called excess. Now excess has many names, and many members, and many forms, and any of these forms when very marked gives a name, neither honourable nor creditable, to the bearer of the name.The desire of eating, for example, which gets the better of the higher reason and the other desires, is called gluttony, and he who is feature by it is called a glutton-I the tyrannical desire of drink, which inclines the owner of the desire to drink, has a name which is only too obvious, and there can be as little doubt by what name any other appetite of the same family would be called-it will be the name of that which happens to be eluminant. And now I think that you will perceive the rove of my discourse but as every spoken word is in a manner plainer than the unspoken, I had better say further that the foolish desire which overcomes the tendency of opinion towards right, and is led away to the enjoyment of witness, and especially of personal beauty, by the desires which are her own kindred-that supreme desire, I say, which by leading conquers and by the force of passion is reinforced, from this very force, receiving a name, is called love. And now, dear Phaedrus, I shall pause for an instant to ask whether you do not think me, as I appear to myself, inspired? Phaedr. Yes, Socrates, you seem to have a very unusual flow of words. Soc. Listen to me, then, in silence for surely the place is consecrate so that you must not wonder, if, as I conk out, I appear to be in a divine fury, for already I am getting into dithyrambics. Phaedr. Nothing can be truer. Soc. The debt instrument rests with you. But hear what surveys, and Perhaps the fit may be averted all is in their hands above. I will go on lecture to my youth. Listen Thus, my friend, we have declared and defined the nature of the subject.Keeping the definition in view, let us now enquire what advanta ge or disadvantage is likely to ensue from the lover or the non-lover to him who accepts their advances. He who is the victim of his passions and the hard worker of pleasure will of course desire to make his beloved as agreeable to himself as possible. Now to him who has a mind discased anything is agreeable which is not opposed to him, but that which is equal or superior is hateful to him, and therefore the lover Will not brook any superiority or equality on the part of his beloved he is always assiduous in reducing him to inferiority. And the ignorant is the inferior of the wise, the coward of the brave, the slow of speech of the speaker, the irksome of the clever.These, and not these only, are the mental defects of the beloved-defects which, when implanted by nature, are necessarily a delight to the lover, and when not implanted, he must purge to implant them in him, if he would not be deprived of his transitory joy. And therefore he cannot help being jealous, and will debar his beloved from the advantages of society which would make a man of him, and especially from that society which would have given him soundness, and thereby he cannot fail to do him great harm. That is to say, in his excessive fear lest he should come to be despised in his eyes he will be compelled to banish from him divine philosophy and there is no greater injury which he can impose upon him than this. He will contrive that his beloved shall be wholly ignorant, and in everything shall look to him he is to be the delight of the lovers heart, and a curse to himself.Verily, a lover is a profitable guardian and associate for him in all that relates to his mind. Let us next see how his master, whose faithfulness of life is pleasure and not good, will keep and train the body of his servant. Will he not choose a beloved who is delicate rather than tough and strong? One brought up in shady bowers and not in the bright sun, a stranger to manly exercises and the sweat of toil, accustom ed only to a soft and luxurious diet, instead of the hues of health having the colours of winder and ornament, and the rest of a piece? -such a life as any one can imagine and which I need not exposit at length. But I may sum up all that I have to say in a word, and pass on.Such a person in war, or in any of the great crises of life, will be the anxiety of his friends and also of his lover, and certainly not the terror of his enemies which nobody can deny. And now let us tell what advantage or disadvantage the beloved will receive from the guardianship and society of his lover in the matter of his property this is the next point to be considered. The lover will be the first to see what, indeed, will be sufficiently evident to all men, that he desires above all things to deprive his beloved of his dearest and best and holiest possessions, father, mother, kindred, friends, of all whom he thinks may be hinderers or reprovers of their most sweet converse he will even cast a jealous e ye upon his gold and silver or other property, ecause these make him a less easy prey, and when caught less manageable hence he is of necessity displeased at his possession of them and rejoices at their loss and he would like him to be wifeless, childless, business firmless, as well and the lengthy the better, for the longer he is all this, the longer he will enjoy him. There are some soft of animals, such as flatterers, who are on the hook(predicate) and, mischievous enough, and yet nature has mingled a temporary pleasure and benignity in their composition. You may say that a courtesan is hurtful, and disapprove of such creatures and their practices, and yet for the time they are very pleasant. But the lover is not only hurtful to his love he is also an extremely unsweet companion.The old proverb says that birds of a feather flock together I suppose that equality of years inclines them to the same pleasures, and similarity begets friendship yet you may have more than enough ev en of this and verily simpleness is always said to be grievous. Now the lover is not only unlike his beloved, but he forces himself upon him. For he is old and his love is young, and neither day nor night will he leave him if he can help necessity and the sting of desire drive him on, and allure him with the pleasure which he receives from seeing, hearing, touching, perceiving him in every way. And therefore he is delighted to re duette upon him and to minister to him.But what pleasure or consolation can the beloved be receiving all this time? Must he not feel the outcome of disgust when he looks at an old shrivelled face and the ending to match, which even in a description is disagreeable, and quite detestable when he is forced into daily contact with his lover moreover he is jealously watched and guarded against everything and everybody, and has to hear misplaced and exaggerated praises of himself, and censures equally inappropriate, which are unendurable when the man is sobe r, and, besides being intolerable, are published all over the world in all their indelicacy and wearisomeness when he is drunk.And not only while his love continues is he mischievous and unpleasant, but when his love ceases he becomes a perfidious enemy of him on whom he showered his oaths and prayers and promises, and yet could hardly support upon him to tolerate the tedium of his familiarity even from motives of interest. The bit of payment arrives, and now he is the servant of another master instead of love and infatuation, wisdom and temperance are his bosoms lords but the beloved has not discovered the change which has taken place in him, when he asks for a return and recalls to his recollection former sayings and doings he believes himself to be speaking to the same person, and the other, not having the courage to confess the truth, and not knowing how to fulfil the oaths and promises which he do when under the dominion of folly, and having now levyn wise and temperate, d oes not want to do as he did or to be as he was before.And so he runs away and is constrained to be a defaulter the oyster-shell has fallen with the other side uppermost-he changes pursuit into safety valve, while the other is compelled to follow him with passion and imprecation not knowing that he ought never from the first to have accepted a demented lover instead of a sensible non-lover and that in making such a choice he was giving himself up to a faithless, morose, envious, disagreeable being, hurtful to his e body politic, hurtful to his incarnate health, and still more hurtful to the cultivation of his mind, than which there neither is nor ever will be anything more honoured in the eyes both of beau ideals and men. cypher this, fair youth, and know that in the friendship of the lover there is no real kindness he has an appetite and wants to feed upon you As wolves love lambs so lovers love their loves. But I told you so, I am speaking in verse, and therefore I had better make an end enough. Phaedr. I thought that you were only halfway and were going to make a similar speech about all the advantages of accepting the non-lover.Why do you not sustain? Soc. Does not your control observe that I have got out of dithyrambics into heroics, when only uttering a censure on the lover? And if I am to add the praises of the nonlover, what will become of me? Do you not perceive that I am already overtaken by the Nymphs to whom you have mischievously exposed me? And therefore will only add that the non-lover has all the advantages in which the lover is accused of being deficient. And now I will say no more there has been enough of both of them. Leaving the tale to its fate, I will cross the river and make the best of my way home, lest a worse thing be inflicted upon me by you. Phaedr.Not yet, Socrates not until the heat of the day has passed do you not see that the hour is almost noon? there is the midday sun standing still, as people say, in the meridian. Let us rather stay and talk over what has been said, and then return in the cool. Soc. Your love of discourse, Phaedrus, is superhuman, simply marvellous, and I do not believe that there is any one of your contemporaries who has either made or in one way or another has compelled others to make an equal number of speeches. I would tear off Simmias the Theban, but all the rest are far behind you. And now, I do verily believe that you have been the cause of another. Phaedr.That is good news. But what do you mean? Soc. I mean to say that as I was about to cross the stream the usual indicate was given to me,that sign which always forbids, but never bids, me to do anything which I am going to do and I thought that I heard a voice saying in my car that I had been guilty of impiety, and. that I must not go away until I had made an atonement. Now I am a diviner, though not a very good one, but I have enough religion for my own use, as you might say of a bad writer-his writing is good enough f or him and I am descent to see that I was in error. O my friend, how prophetic is the human mortal At the time I had a sort of misgiving, and, ike Ibycus, I was troubled I feared that I might be buying honour from men at the price of sinning against the gods. Now I recognize my error. Phaedr. What error? Soc. That was a dreadful speech which you brought with you, and you made me utter one as bad. Phaedr. How so? Soc. It was foolish, I say,-to a certain extent, impious can anything be more dreadful? Phaedr. Nothing, if the speech was really such as you describe. Soc. Well, and is not Eros the son of Aphrodite, and a god? Phaedr. So men say. Soc. But that was not acknowledged by Lysias in his speech, nor by you in that other speech which you by a charm drew from my lips. For if love be, as he surely is, a divinity, he cannot be evil.Yet this was the error of both the speeches. There was also a simplicity about them which was refreshing having no truth or honesty in them, neverthel ess they pretended to be something, hoping to succeed in deceiving the manikins of earth and gain celebrity among them. Wherefore I must have a purgation. And I bethink me of an ancient purgation of mythological error which was devised, not by kor, for he never had the wit to discover why he was blind, but by Stesichorus, who was a philosopher and knew the reason why and therefore, when he lost his eyes, for that was the penalization which was inflicted upon him for reviling the lovely Helen, he at once purged himself.And the purgation was a recantation, which began thus,False is that word of mine-the truth is that thou didst not embark in ships, nor ever go to the walls of Troy and when he had completed his poem, which is called the recantation, immediately his sight returned to him. Now I will be wiser than either Stesichorus or Homer, in that I am going to make my recantation for reviling love before I can and this I will attempt, not as before, veiled and ashamed, but with e yebrow bold and bare. Phaedr. Nothing could be more agreeable to me than to hear you say so. Soc. Only think, my good Phaedrus, what an utter want of delicacy was shown in the two discourses I mean, in my own and in that which you recited out of the book.Would not any one who was himself of a noble and gentle nature, and who loved or ever had loved a nature like his own, when we tell of the petty causes of lovers jealousies, and of their excerptional(a) animosities, and of the injuries which they do to their beloved, have imagined that our ideas of love were taken from some haunt of sailors to which good manners were unknown-he would certainly never have admitted the justice of our censure? Phaedr. I boldness say not, Socrates. Soc. Therefore, because I blush at the thought of this person, and also because I am afraid of Love himself, I desire to swoosh the brine out of my ears with water from the spring and I would counsel Lysias not to delay, but to write another discourse, wh ich shall prove that ceteris paribus the lover ought to be accepted rather than the non-lover.Phaedr. Be assured that he shall. You shall speak the praises of the lover, and Lysias shall be compelled by me to write another discourse on the same theme. Soc. You will be true to your nature in that, and therefore I believe you. Phaedr. Speak, and fear not. Soc. But where is the fair youth whom I was addressing before, and who ought to listen now lest, if he hear me not, he should accept a non-lover before he knows what he is doing? Phaedr. He is close at hand, and always at your service. Soc. Know then, fair youth, that the former discourse was the word of Phaedrus, the son of Vain Man, who dwells in the city of Myrrhina (Myrrhinusius).And this which I am about to utter is the recantation of Stesichorus the son of godlike Man (Euphemus), who comes from the town of Desire (Himera), and is to the following effect I told a lie when I said that the beloved ought to accept the non-lover w hen he might have the lover, because the one is sane, and the other mad. It might be so if unwiseness were simply an evil but there is also a flakiness which is a divine gift, and the source of the chiefest blessings granted to men. For prognostic is a fierceness, and the prophetess at Delphi and the priestesses at Dodona when out of their senses have conferred great benefits on Hellas, both in public and private life, but when in their senses hardly a(prenominal) or none.And I might also tell you how the Sibyl and other inspired persons have given to many an one many an intimation of the future which has saved them from falling. But it would be tedious to speak of what every one knows. There will be more reason in appealing to the ancient inventors of names, who would never have connected prophecy (mantike) which foretells the future and is the noblest of arts, with vehemence (manike), or called them both by the same name, if they had deemed madness to be a disgrace or dishon our-they must have thought that there was an inspired madness which was a noble thing for the two words, mantike and manike, are really the same, and the garner t is only a modern and tasteless insertion.And this is confirmed by the name which was given by them to the rational investigation of futurity, whether made by the help of birds or of other signs-this, for as much as it is an art which supplies from the reasoning faculty mind (nous) and information (istoria) to human thought (oiesis) they in the beginning termed oionoistike, but the word has been lately altered and made sonorous by the modern introduction of the letter Omega (oionoistike and oionistike), and in proportion prophecy (mantike) is more perfect and august than augury, both in name and fact, in the same proportion, as the ancients testify, is madness superior to a sane mind (sophrosune) for the one is only of human, but the other of divine origin.Again, where plagues and mightiest woes have bred in certain famil ies, owing to some ancient blood-guiltiness, there madness has entered with holy prayers and rites, and by inspired utterances found a way of deliverance for those who are in need and he who has part in this gift, and is truly possessed and duly out of his mind, is by the use of purifications and mysteries made solid and except from evil, future as well as present, and has a release from the calamity which was afflicting him. The leash kind is the madness of those who are possessed by the Muses which taking hold of a delicate and virgin mortal, and there inspiring frenzy, awakens melodious and all other numbers with these adorning the myriad actions of ancient heroes for the instruction of posterity. But he who, having no touch of the Muses madness in his reason, comes to the door and thinks that he will get into the temple by the help of art-he, I say, and his song are not admitted the sane man disappears and is nowhere when he enters into competitor with the madman.I might tell of many other noble deeds which have sprung from inspired madness. And therefore, let no one frighten or fade us by saying that the temperate friend is to be chosen rather than the inspired, but let him further show that love is not sent by the gods for any good to lover or beloved if he can do so we will allow him to declare off the palm. And we, on our part, will prove in answer to him that the madness of love is the greatest of heavens blessings, and the proof shall be one which the wise will receive, and the witling disbelieve. But first of all, let us view the affections and actions of the soul divine and human, and try to ascertain the truth about them.The beginning of our proof is as followsThe soul through all her being is god, for that which is ever in action is heavenly but that which run aways another and is locomote by another, in ceasing to move ceases also to live. Only the automatic, never leaving self, never ceases to move, and is the fountain and begin ning of motion to all that moves besides. Now, the beginning is unbegotten, for that which is begotten has a beginning but the beginning is begotten of nothing, for if it were begotten of something, then the begotten would not come from a beginning. But if unbegotten, it must also be indestructible for if beginning were destroyed, there could be no beginning out of anything, nor anything out of a beginning and all things must have a beginning.And therefore the self-moving is the beginning of motion and this can neither be destroyed nor begotten, else the whole heavens and all creation would collapse and stand still, and never again have motion or birth. But if the self-moving is proved to be fadeless, he who affirms that self-motion is the very idea and essence of the soul will not be put to confusion. For the body which is moved from without is soulless but that which is moved from within has a soul, for such is the nature of the soul. But if this be true, must not the soul be th e self-moving, and therefore of necessity unbegotten and immortal? Enough of the souls immortality.Of the nature of the soul, though her true form be ever a theme of large and more than mortal discourse, let me speak briefly, and in a figure. And let the figure be composite-a pair of winged horses and a charioteer. Now the winged horses and the charioteers of the gods are all of them noble and of noble descent, but those of other races are mixed the human charioteer drives his in a pair and one of them is noble and of noble blood line, and the other is ignoble and of ignoble breed and the driving of them of necessity gives a great deal of trouble to him. I will endeavour to explain to you in what way the mortal differs from the immortal creature.The soul in her totality has the care of inanimate being everywhere, and traverses the whole heaven in divers forms appearingwhen perfect and fully winged she soars upward, and orders the whole world whereas the imperfect soul, losing her w ings and drooping in her flight at last settles on the solid ground-there, finding a home, she receives an secular frame which appears to be self-moved, but is really moved by her power and this composition of soul and body is called a living and mortal creature. For immortal no such union can be reasonably believed to be although fancy, not having seen nor surely known the nature of God, may imagine an immortal creature having both a body and also a soul which are united throughout all time. Let that, however, be as God wills, and be spoken of acceptably to him. And now let us ask the reason why the soul loses her wingsThe wing is the corporate element which is most akin to the divine, and which by nature tends to soar aloft and bestow that which gravitates downwards into the upper region, which is the habitation of the gods. The divine is beauty, wisdom, goodness, and the like and by these the wing of the soul is nourished, and grows apace but when fed upon evil and rankness and the opposite of good, wastes and falls away. Zeus, the mighty lord, holding the reins of a winged chariot, leads the way in heaven, ordering all and taking care of all and there follows him the array of gods and demigods, marshalled in eleven bands Hestia alone abides at home in the house of heaven of the rest they who are reckoned among the princely twelve action in their appointed order.They see many blessed sights in the interior heaven, and there are many ways to and fro, along which the blessed gods are passing, every one doing his own work he may follow who will and can, for jealousy has no place in the celestial choir. But when they go to banquet and festival, then they move up the steep to the top of the vault of heaven. The chariots of the gods in even poise, obeying the rein, glide rapidly but the others labour, for the furious steed goes heavily, weighing down the charioteer to the earth when his steed has not been thoroughly trained-and this is the hour of agony a nd extremest conflict for the soul. For the immortals, when they are at the end of their course, go forth and stand upon the outside of heaven, and the variation of the spheres carries them round, and they behold the things beyond.But of the heaven which is above the heavens, what earthly poet ever did or ever will sing worthily? It is such as I will describe for I must dare to speak the truth, when truth is my theme. There abides the very being with which true knowledge is concerned the colourless, formless, intangible essence, visible only to mind, the pilot of the soul. The divine intelligence, being nurtured upon mind and pure knowledge, and the intelligence of every soul which is capable of receiving the victuals proper to it, rejoices at beholding reality, and once more gazing upon truth, is replenished and made glad, until the revolution of the worlds brings her round again to the same place.In the revolution she beholds justice, and temperance, and knowledge absolute, not in the form of generation or of relation, which men call existence, but knowledge absolute in existence absolute and beholding the other true existences in like manner, and feasting upon them, she passes down into the interior of the heavens and returns home and there the charioteer putting up his horses at the stall, gives them ambrosia to eat and beebread to drink. Such is the life of the gods but of other souls, that which follows God best and is likest to him lifts the head of the charioteer into the outer world, and is carried round in the revolution, troubled indeed by the steeds, and with problem beholding true being while another only rises and falls, and sees, and again fails to see by reason of the unruliness of the steeds.The rest of the souls are also longing after the upper world and they all follow, but not being strong enough they are carried round below the surface, plunging, treading on one another, each striving to be first and there is confusion and perspiration and the extremity of effort and many of them are lamed or have their wings broken through the ill-driving of the charioteers and all of them after a unserviceable toil, not having attained to the mysteries of true being, go away, and feed upon opinion. The reason why the souls exhibit this exceeding eagerness to behold the plain of truth is that weed is found there, which is suited to the highest part of the soul and the wing on which the soul soars is nourished with this. And there is a law of Destiny, that the soul which attains any mental imagery of truth in company with a god is preserved from harm until the next period, and if attaining always is always unharmed.But when she is unable to follow, and fails to behold the truth, and through some ill-hap sinks beneath the double load of forgetfulness and vice, and her wings fall from her and she drops to the ground, then the law ordains that this soul shall at her first birth pass, not into any other animal, but only into man a nd the soul which has seen most of truth shall come to the birth as a philosopher, or artist, or some musical and loving nature that which has seen truth in the second degree shall be some righteous king or warrior chief the soul which is of the third class shall be a politician, or economist, or trader the one-quarter shall be lover of gymnastic toils, or a physician the ordinal shall lead the life of a prophet or hierophant to the sixth the character of poet or some other imitative artist will be assigned to the seventh the life of an artisan or husbandman to the ordinal that of a sophist or demagogue to the ninth that of a tyrantall these are states of probation, in which he who does righteously improves, and he who does unrighteously, improves, and he who does unrighteously, deteriorates his lot. Ten megabyte years must elapse before the soul of each one can return to the place from whence she came, for she cannot grow her wings in less only the soul of a philosopher, guilel ess and true, or the soul of a lover, who is not devoid of philosophy, may acquire wings in the third of the recurring periods of a cardinal years he is distinguished from the ordinary good man who gains wings in three thousand years-and they who choose this life three times in term have wings given them, and go away at the end of three thousand years.But the others receive judgment when they have completed their first life, and after the judgment they go, some of them to the houses of correction which are under the earth, and are punished others to some place in heaven whither they are light borne by justice, and there they live in a manner worthy of the life which they led here when in the form of men. And at the end of the first thousand years the good souls and also the evil souls both come to draw lots and choose their second life, and they may take any which they please. The soul of a man may pass into the life of a beast, or from the beast return again into the man. But th e soul which has never seen the truth will not pass into the human form. For a man must have intelligence of universals, and be able to proceed rom the many particulars of sense to one conception of reason-this is the recollection of those things which our soul once saw while following God-when regardless of that which we now call being she raised her head up towards the true being. And therefore the mind of the philosopher alone has wings and this is just, for he is always, according to the measure of his abilities, clinging in recollection to those things in which God abides, and in beholding which He is what He is. And he who employs aright these memories is ever being initiated into perfect mysteries and alone becomes truly perfect. But, as he forgets earthly interests and is rapt in the divine, the vulgar deem him mad, and rebuke him they do not see that he is inspired.Thus far I have been speaking of the fourth and last kind of madness, which is imputed to him who, when he see s the beauty of earth, is transported with the recollection of the true beauty he would like to fly away, but he cannot he is like a bird fluttering and looking upward and careless of the world below and he is therefore thought to be mad. And I have shown this of all inspirations to be the noblest and highest and the offspring of the highest to him who has or shares in it, and that he who loves the beautiful is called a lover because he partakes of it. For, as has been already said, every soul of man has in the way of nature beheld true being this was the condition of her passing into the form of man.But all souls do not easily recall the things of the other world they may have seen them for a short time only, or they may have been too bad in their earthly lot, and, having had their hearts turned to unrighteousness through some corrupting influence, they may have lost the memory of the holy things which once they saw. Few only retain an adequate remembrance of them and they, when they behold here any image of that other world, are rapt in bewilderment but they are ignorant of what this rapture means, because they do not all the way perceive. For there is no light of justice or temperance or any of the higher ideas which are precious to souls in the earthly copies of them they are seen through a glass dimly and there are few who, going to the images, behold in them the realities, and these only with difficulty.There was a time when with the rest of the happy band they saw beauty shining in brightness-we philosophers following in the train of Zeus, others in company with other gods and then we beheld the angelical vision and were initiated into a mystery which may be truly called most blessed, celebrated by us in our state of innocence, before we had any experience of evils to come, when we were admitted to the sight of apparitions innocent and simple and calm and happy, which we beheld shining technical-grade light, pure ourselves and not yet enshrined in that living tomb which we carry about, now that we are imprisoned in the body, like an oyster in his shell. Let me linger over the memory of scenes which have passed away. But of beauty, I repeat again that we saw her there shining in company with the celestial forms and coming to earth we find her here too, shining in clearness through the clearest aperture of sense.For sight is the most piercing of our bodily senses though not by that is wisdom seen her loveliness would have been transporting if there had been a visible image of her, and the other ideas, if they had visible counter split, would be equally lovely. But this is the privilege of beauty, that being the loveliest she is also the most palpable to sight. Now he who is not newly initiated or who has become corrupted, does not easily rise out of this world to the sight of true beauty in the other he looks only at her earthly namesake, and instead of being awful at the sight of her, he is given over to pleasure, and like a brutish beast he rushes on to enjoy and beget he consorts with wantonness, and is not afraid or ashamed of pursuing pleasure in violation of nature.But he whose initiation is recent, and who has been the spectator of many glories in the other world, is amazed when he sees any one having a godlike face or form, which is the expression of divine beauty and at first a shudder runs through him, and again the old awe steals over him then looking upon the face of his beloved as of a god he reverences him, and if he were not afraid of being thought a downright madman, he would sacrifice to his beloved as to the image of a god then while he gazes on him there is a sort of reaction, and the shudder passes into an unusual heat and perspiration for, as he receives the natural spring of beauty through the eyes, the wing moistens and he warms. And as he warms, the parts out of which the wing grew, and which had been hitherto closed and rigid, and had revented the wing from shooting forth, are melted, and as nourishment streams upon him, the lower end of the wings begins to swell and grow from the root upwards and the growth extends under the whole soul-for once the whole was winged. During this process the whole soul is all in a state of ebullition and effervescence,-which may be compared to the irritation and uneasiness in the gums at the time of cutting teeth,bubbles up, and has a feeling of uneasiness and tickling but when in like manner the soul is beginning to grow wings, the beauty of the beloved meets her eye and she receives the sensible warm motion of particles which flow towards her, therefore called emotion (imeros), and is refreshed and warmed by them, and then she ceases from her pain with joy.But when she is move from her beloved and her moisture fails, then the orifices of the passage out of which the wing shoots dry out up and close, and intercept the germ of the wing which, being shut up with the emotion, throbbing as with the pulsations of an artery, pricks the aperture which is nearest, until at length the entire soul is pierced and maddened and pained, and at the recollection of beauty is again delighted. And from both of them together the soul is oppressed at the strangeness of her condition, and is in a great strait and excitement, and in her madness can neither sleep by night nor abide in her place by day. And wheresoever she thinks that she will behold the beautiful one, thither in her desire she runs.And when she has seen him, and bathed herself in the waters of beauty, her constraint is loosened, and she is refreshed, and has no more pangs and pains and this is the sweetest of all pleasures at the time, and is the reason why the soul of the lover will never forsake his beautiful one, whom he esteems above all he has forgotten mother and brethren and companions, and he thinks nothing of the neglect and loss of his property the rules and proprieties of life, on which he at one time prided himself, he now despises, and is ready to sleep like a servant, wherever he is allowed, as near as he can to his craved one, who is the object of his worship, and the physician who can alone assuage the greatness of his pain. And this state, my dear imaginary youth to whom I am talking, is by men called love, and among the gods has a name at which you, in your simplicity, may be inclined to bemock there are two lines in the apocryphal writings of Homer in which the name occurs. One of them is rather outrageous, and not altogether metrical. They are as follows Mortals call him fluttering love, But the immortals call him winged one, Because the emergence of wings is a necessity to him. You may believe this, but not unless you like. At any rate the loves of lovers and their causes are such as I have described.Now the lover who is taken to be the attendant of Zeus is better able to bear the winged god, and can endure a heavier magnetic core but the attendants and companions of Ares, when under the influence of love, if they fancy that they have been at all wronged, are ready to kill and put an end to themselves and their beloved. And he who follows in the train of any other god, while he is unspoiled and the video lasts, honours and shams him, as far as he is able and after the manner of his god he behaves in his intercourse with his beloved and with the rest of the world during the first period of his earthly existence. Every one chooses his love from the ranks of beauty according to his character, and this he makes his god, and fashions and adorns as a sort of image which he is to fall down and worship.The followers of Zeus desire that their beloved should have a soul like him and therefore they seek out some one of a philosophical and imperial nature, and when they have found him and loved him, they do all they can to confirm such a nature in him, and if they have no experience of such a disposition hitherto, they learn of any one who can teach them, and themselves follow in the same way. And they have the less difficulty in finding the nature of their own god in themselves, because they have been compelled to gaze intensely on him their recollection clings to him, and they become possessed of him, and receive from him their character and disposition, so far as man can participate in God. The qualities of their god they attribute to the beloved, wherefore they love him all the more, and if, like the Bacchic Nymphs, they draw inspiration from Zeus, they pour out their own fountain upon him, wanting to make him as like as possible to their own god.But those who are the followers of Here seek a royal love, and when they have found him they do just the same with him and in like manner the followers of Apollo, and of every other god walking in the ways of their god, seek a love who is to be made like him whom they serve, and when they have found him, they themselves imitate their god, and persuade their love to do the same, and educate him into the manner and nature of t he god as far as they each can for no feelings of admire or jealousy are entertained by them towards their beloved, but they do their utmost to create in him the greatest likeness of themselves and of the god whom they honour.Thus fair and blissful to the beloved is the desire of the inspired lover, and the initiation of which I speak into the mysteries of true love, if he be captured by the lover and their purpose is effected. Now the beloved is taken