Has the lottery replaced the government in the funding of education Essay Example for Free

Has the drawing replaced the government in the financing of education EssayThe overarching aims of education underlie the construction of the curriculum and funding. Education, in the broader sense, aims to develop the individual, to enlarge a childs knowledge, experience and imaginative understanding, and thus his aw atomic number 18ness of object lesson values and capacity for enjoyment and as well to enable the child to take his place in society. The check education on the other hand, has the aim to provide opportunities for all pupils to learn and achieve, to promote spiritual, moral, social and heathen phylogenesis and to prepare pupils for the opportunities, responsibilities and experiences of life. Consider the work of the late 20th century. It has not changed a whole pack in the last fifty years or so. Isolated from the rest of the homo except for bingle or two condition-business partnerships. Working at the edges of the school, these partnerships attempt to pr ovide students with some insight into the working world or give some marginal discretionary resources for the principal to use. The resources are used on sensation of a multitude of unrelated programs that the school has set up to cope with the problems that society has dumped on the school.The school itself has created barriers that shelter and isolate it from the work of the world that goes on around it. The technological innovations that are pervasive in the business world have yet to penetrate the classrooms except for a single computer in each classroom that the teacher barely knows how to use. Few business people, even the partners, ever come to school those who do are shocked by the conditions they find and by the discipline problems with which teachers must contend.Still they are comforted by the fact that school feels pretty much like it did when they went to school. On the other hand, the note of go on a university campus is one thing to measure the quality of fabricat e goods is another matter. Chubb, J. and Moe, T. takes this foster and says that a service cannot be objectively measured. Such frustration stems from the difference amongst services and goods. For example, educational services are intangible and cannot be packaged, displayed or inspected fully by prospective students.Services also have a perishability problem because they cannot be stored for future delivery when students cut class, the profs time is wasted. Unlike goods, services are difficult to separate from their provider an academic course is as fascinating or as boring as the professor. There is also a lot of variability in services. For example, the mood of the professor could impinge on his or her tolerance for chatting in class. Services are difficult to standardize. Unlike manufactured goods, services are not as susceptible to strict quality control.With regards to these needs in education, more(prenominal) states are actually looking for fund in order to pursue educ ational training. Out of 42 states that uses draft, 24 of it uses the proceeds for school financing aside from the support of the government. In line with this research, the data that describes the 2005 and 2006 development of schools in each state considered. Basically, this paper attempts to identify if the massive lottery practices in each states promotes educational development in terms of funding.The ReportFrom the previous discussion, The Chicago Reporter found out that the lottery does not supplement school funding, even though the proceeds goes directly the states earthy School Fund. On the other hand, the South Carolina Education Lottery was approved by constitutional referendum in 2000, and implemented shortly thereafter. In contrast to other education lotteries, the legislation establishing the lottery contains substantive measures to witness that lottery revenues supplement, rather than replace, general fund tax revenues earmarked for education.Aside from this, the i nvolvement of lottery in funding the schools needs show a good advantage as California Performance Review back up the option. California lottery players, retailers and, most importantly, its public schools, all stand to gain from changing state laws that throttle the lotterys ability to increase sales. These changes are not only consistent with the mandated purpose of The Lottery Act as approved by the voters, they represent the only risk-free way to ensure that lottery dollars to education allow for not actually decrease.In line with this, this paper will evaluate and compare the current development in 46 states in which 24 of it uses the proceeds of lottery to education while the other 22 only uses the support of the government. The Method To determine the current performance of schools in 46 states, the researcher compares the add of budget between states w/ lottery proceeds used in school funding and states w/o lottery proceeds used in school funding.To determine the differe nce of budget between these states and the status of development in each school, the researcher conducted an analysis from the data obtained in these 46 states (The dispersion of data is shown in the Appendix A) using t-test procedures. From 24 schools that are currently using lottery proceeds, the analysis of their education budget was also compared to their previous years in which lottery proceeds is not be considered (see Appendix B). The use of its mean and coefficient of variation are performed for evaluation of budget.

Digital Voltmeter Using An 8051 Microcontroller Computer Science Essay

digital Voltmeter Using An 8051 Micro take c atomic tote up 18ler Computer Science EssayA atomic number 23meter finds its vastness wherever potency is to be measured. Avoltmeteris an instrument theatrical roled for measuring theelectrical potential struggle between 2 points in an electric circuit. parallel voltmeters trigger a pointer across a graduated evade in pro fashionion to the potency of the circuit. General purpose running(a) voltmeters may have an trueness of a few per cent of full scale, and be lend unmatchedselfd with emfs from a fraction of a volt to several thousand volts.Digital voltmeters give a numerical vaunting of potency by use of analog to digital convertor. Digital meters rat be made with senior high gear school accuracy, typically better than 1%. Specially calibrated test instruments have higher accuracies, with laboratory instruments capable of measuring to accuracies of a few parts per million. Meters usingamplifiers shtup measure tiny el ectromotive forces of micro-volts or slight. Digital voltmeters (DVMs) argon usually designed around a special type ofanalog-to-digital convertercalled anintegrating converter. Voltmeter accuracy is affected by many factors, including temperature and supply voltage variations. To ensure that a digital voltmeters asking is within the manufacturers specified tolerances, they should be sporadically calibrated. Digital voltmeters necessarily have stimulation amplifiers, and, like vacuum tube voltmeters, generally have a constant stimulant drug metro of 10 mega-ohms regardless of unbending measurement range.This project aims at expression a Digital Voltmeter using an 8051 microcontroller. All the info accessed and mathematical processed by the microcontroller is the digital entropy. And thus, the usage of an analog-to-digital converter finds its necessity here. A amount analog-to-digital converter ADC0804 is apply in the afoot(predicate) project. The excitant voltage (whi ch is the analog excitant) is restricted to be in the range of 0-15V. The processed information in the 8051 is utilize to drive a pomposity takings on a liquid crystal display display unit. The display is in the form of digits and is entire to a value of one decimal. The input voltage is desired to be that of a DC voltage for steady observations of the voltage value on the liquid crystal display panel. Rather, if an AC input voltage is given over at the input terminals, the output varies indefinitely as is the nature of AC voltage. Thus, the instantaneous value of the AC voltage is not steadily shown on the LCD panel.COMPONENTSFol out slump up-downing is the entire set of the components used to build the Digital VoltmeterMicrocontroller, AT89S52Analog-to-Digital Converter, ADC0804161 LCDOscillator circuit for the microcontroller12MHz Crystal Capacitor33pF Capacitors potential drop divider circuit/ Input terminals200k, 100k Resistors100nF CapacitorADC measure Circuit10k Res istor150pF Capacitor100k Potentiometer (to adjust the back-light of the LCD)Description of the Components usedMicrocontroller, AT89S52 The AT89S51 is a broken-power, high-performance CMOS 8- human action microcontroller with 4K bytes of In-System coursemable flashy holding. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density non-volatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and personal identification number-out. The on- divide Flash frees the computer cho immobilizee memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with In-System Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S51 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S51 provides the following standard features 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O airs, guard dog timer, two data pointers, two 16-bit timer/counters, a quintet-vector two-level break apart architecture, a full duplex consecutive user interface, on-chip oscillator, and quantify circuitry.In comeition, the AT89S51 is designed with static logic for exertion atomic pile to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle mode stops the CPU while brooking the RAM, timer/counters, successive port, and hamper system to continue kick the bucketing. The Power-down mode saves the RAM con-tents exclusively freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next outside(a) interrupt or hardware determine.Pin configuration of the AT89S52 is as follows40-Lead PDIPVCC Supply voltage.GND Ground. bearing 0 appearance 0 is an 8-bit open drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, from each one autumn can sink octonary TTL inputs. When 1s are indite to port 0 trammels, the autumns can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 can withal be con figured to be the multiplexed low- nightspot acknowledgment/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 as well as receives the enrol bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are inevitable during program verification.Port 1 Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output softens can sink/ mention four TTL inputs. When 1s are create verbally to Port 1 presage flags, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 oarlocks that are externally being pulled low leave alone source authentic (IIL) be drift of the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.P1.5 MOSI (used for In-System Programming)P1.6 MISO (used for In-System Programming)P1.7 SCK (used for In-System Programming)Port 2 Port 2 is an 8-bit bi -directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low entrust source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during f and so ones from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and rough control quests during Flash programming and verification.Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are writt en to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low go away source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of variant special features of the AT89S51, as shown in the following table.Alternate functions of port 3,P3.0 RXD (serial input port)P3.1 TXD (serial output port)P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0)P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1)P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input)P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input)P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe)P3.7 RD (external data memory read strobe)RST Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine motorbikes while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives High for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DIS-RTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disenable this feature. In the default state of bit D ISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is modifyd.ALE/PROG court Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or timeing purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. come downting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.PSEN Program come in Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is trigger twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN acti vations are skipped during each access to external data memory.EA/VPP External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations working at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.XTAL2 production from the inverting oscillator amplifier.Memory Organisation,Program Memory If the EA pin is affiliated to GND, all program fetches are directed to external memory. On the AT89S51, if EA is connected to VCC, program fetches to addresses 0000H by FFFH are directed to internal memory and fetches to addresses 1000H through FFFFH are directed to external memory. data Memory The AT89S51 implements 1 28 bytes of on-chip RAM. The 128 bytes are accessible via direct and verificatory addressing modes. Stack operations are examples of indirect addressing, so the 128 bytes of data RAM are for sale as stack space. damps The AT89S51 has a total of five interrupt vectors two external interrupts (INT0 and INT1), two timer interrupts (Timers 0 and 1), and the serial port interrupt. Each of these interrupt sources can be individually enabled or disabled by setting or passing a bit in Special Function Register IE. IE also contains a global disable bit, EA, which disables all interrupts at once. The Timer 0 and Timer 1 flags, TF0 and TF1, are set at S5P2 of the cycle in which the timers overflow. The values are then polled by the circuitry in the next cycle.ADC0804 The ADC080X family are CMOS 8-Bit, successive neighborhood A/D converters which use a modified potentiometric ladder and are designed to operate with the 8080A control bus via three-state outputs. These converters appear to t he processor as memory locations or I/O ports, and hence no interfacing logic is involve. The differential analog voltage input has good common-mode-rejection and permits departting the analog zero input voltage value. In addition, the voltage reference input can be correct to a low encode any smaller analog voltage span to the full 8 bits of resolution.The functional draw of the ADC080X serial of A/D converters operates on the successive approximation principle. Analog switches are closed sequentially by successive-approximation logic until the analog differential input voltage VlN(+) VlN(-) matches a voltage derived from a tapped resistor disembowel across the reference voltage. The most significant bit is tested first and after 8 comparisons (64 clock cycles), an 8- bit binary code (1111 1111 = full scale) is stirred to an output latch. The normal operation proceeds as follows. On the high-to-low transition of the WR input, the internal SAR latches and the breakout- pre sent stages are reset, and the INTR output will be set high. As long as the CS input and WR input endure low, the A/D will remain in a reset state. Conversion will start from 1 to 8 clock periods after at least(prenominal) one of these inputs makes a low to high transition. After the requisite number of clock pulses to complete the conversion, the INTR pin will make a high-to-low transition. This can be used to interrupt a processor, or other than signal the availability of a new conversion. A RD operation (with CS low) will clear the INTR line high again. The device may be operated in the free-running mode connecting INTR to the WR input with CS = 0. To ensure start-up chthonian all possible conditions, an external WR pulse is required during the first power-up cycle. A conversion in process can be interrupted by issuing a second start command.Digital effectThe converter is started by having CS and WR simultaneously low. This sets the start flip-flop (F/F) and the resulting 1 l evel resets the 8-bit shift prove, resets the Interrupt (INTR) F/F and inputs a 1 to the D flip-flop, DFF1, which is at the input end of the 8-bit shift register. sexual clock signals then transfer this 1 to the Q output of DFF1. The AND gate, G1, combines this 1 output with a clock signal to provide a reset signal to the start F/F. If the set signal is no long-term present (either WR or CS is a 1), the start F/F is reset and the 8-bit shift register then can have the 1 clocked in, which starts the conversion process. If the set signal were to still be present, this reset pulse would have no effect ( two outputs of the start F/F would be at a 1 level) and the 8-bit shift register would continue to be held in the reset mode. This allows for asynchronous or blanket(a) CS and WR signals. After the 1 is clocked through the 8-bit shift register (which completes the SAR operation) it appears as the input to DFF2. As curtly as this 1 is output from the shift register, the AND gate, G2 , causes the new digital word to transfer to the Three-State output latches. When DFF2 is later clocked, the Q output makes a high-to-low transition which causes the INTR F/F to set. An inverting buffer then supplies the INTR output signal. When data is to be read, the combination of both CS and RD being low will cause the INTR F/F to be reset and the three state output latches will be enabled to provide the 8-bit digital outputs.Digital chink InputsThe digital control inputs (CS, RD, and WR) meet standard TTL logic voltage levels. These signals are essentially equivalent to the standard A/D Start and Output Enable control signals, and are active low to allow an easy interface to microprocessor control busses. For non-microprocessor based applications, the CS input (pin 1) can be grounded and the standard A/D Start function obtained by an active low pulse at the WR input (pin 3). The Output Enable function is achieved by an active low pulse at the RD input (pin 2).Analog accompli shmentThe analog comparisons are performed by a capacitive charge summing circuit. Three capacitors (with precise ratioed values) share a common node with the input to an autozeroed comparator. The input capacitor is switched between VlN(+) and VlN(-), while two ratioed reference capacitors are switched between taps on the reference voltage divider string. The net charge corresponds to the weighted balance between the input and the current total value set by the successive approximation register. A correction is made to offset the comparison by 1/2 LSB.Analog Differential Voltage Inputs and Common-Mode RejectionThis A/D gains considerable applications flexibility from the analog differential voltage input. The VlN(-) input (pin 7) can be used to automatically subtract a fixed voltage value from the input reading (tare correction). This is also useful in 4mA 20mA current loop conversion. In addition, common-mode noise can be trim by use of the differential input. The time interva l between sampling VIN(+) and VlN(-) is 41/2 clock periods. There is maximum error voltage overdue to this slight time difference between the input voltage samples.The allowed range of analog input voltage usually places more severe restrictions on input common-mode voltage levels than this. An analog input voltage with a reduced span and a relatively biggish zero offset can be easily handled by making use of the differential input.Analog Input CurrentThe internal shimmy action causes displacement currents to flow at the analog inputs. The voltage on the on-chip capacitance to ground is switched through the analog differential input voltage, resulting in proportional currents submission the VIN(+) input and leaving the VIN(-) input. These current transients occur at the leading edge of the internal clocks. They rapidly annihilation and do not inherently cause errors as the on-chip comparator is strobed at the end of the clock period.Input get about CapacitorsBypass capacitors at the inputs will average these charges and cause a DC current to flow through the output resistances of the analog signal sources. This charge pumping action is worse for continuous conversions with the VIN(+) input voltage at full scale. For a 640kHz clock frequency with the VIN(+) input at 5V, this DC current is at a maximum of approximately 5uA. Therefore, bypass capacitors should not be used at the analog inputs or the VREF/2 pin for high resistance sources (1kOhm.) If input bypass capacitors are necessary for noise filtering and high source resistance is desirable to minimize capacitor size, the effects of the voltage drop across this input resistance, due to the average value of the input current, can be compensated by a full scale adjustment while the given source resistor and input bypass capacitor are both in place. This is possible because the average value of the input current is a precise linear function of the differential input voltage at a constant conversion rate.I nput Source shieldLarge values of source resistance where an input bypass capacitor is not used will not cause errors since the input currents settle out prior to the comparison time. If a low-pass filter is required in the system, use a low-value series resistor for a passive RC section or add an op amp RC active low-pass filter. For low-source-resistance applications, a 0.1uF bypass capacitor at the inputs will minimize EMI due to the series lead inductance of a long wire. A 100Ohm series resistor can be used to isolate this capacitor (both the R and C are placed outside the feedback loop) from the output of an op amp, if used.Stray magazineThe leads to the analog inputs (pins 6 and 7) should be kept as short as possible to minimize place signal pickup (EMI). Both EMI and undesired digital-clock coupling to these inputs can cause system errors. The source resistance for these inputs should, in general, be kept below 5k. Larger values of source resistance can cause undesired si gnal pickup. Input bypass capacitors, placed from the analog inputs to ground, will eliminate this pickup but can create analog scale errors as these capacitors will average the transient input switching currents of the A/D (see Analog Input Current). This scale error depends on both a broad source resistance and the use of an input bypass capacitor. This error can be compensated by a full scale adjustment of the A/D (see Full Scale typesetment) with the source resistance and input bypass capacitor in place, and the desired conversion rate.Reference Voltage Span AdjustFor maximum application flexibility, these A/Ds have been designed to accommodate a 5V, 2.5V or an adjusted voltage reference. This has been achieved in the design of the IC. Notice that the reference voltage for the IC is either 1/2 of the voltage which is applied to the V+ supply pin, or is equal to the voltage which is externally forced at the VREF/2 pin. This allows for a pseudo-ratiometric voltage reference usin g, for the V+ supply, a 5V reference voltage. Alternatively, a voltage less than 2.5V can be applied to the VREF/2 input. The internal gain to the VREF/2 input is 2 to allow this factor of 2 reduction in the reference voltage.Zero ErrorThe zero of the A/D does not require adjustment. If the nominal analog input voltage value, VlN(MlN), is not ground, a zero offset can be done. The converter can be made to output 0000 0000 digital code for this minimum input voltage by biasing the A/D VIN(-) input at this VlN(MlN) value. This utilizes the differential mode operation of the A/D. The zero error of the A/D converter relates to the location of the first riser of the transfer function and can be measured by grounding the VIN(-) input and applying a small order positive voltage to the VIN(+) input. Zero error is the difference between the actual DC input voltage which is necessary to just cause an output digital code transition from 0000 0000 to 0000 0001 and the ideal 1/2 LSB value (1/2 LSB = 9.8mV for VREF/2 = 2.500V).Full Scale AdjustThe full scale adjustment can be made by applying a differential input voltage which is 11/2 LSB down from the desired analog full scale voltage range and then adjusting the magnitude of the VREF/2 input (pin 9) for a digital output code which is just changing from 1111 1110 to 1111 1111. When offsetting the zero and using a span-adjusted VREF/2 voltage, the full scale adjustment is made by inputting VMlN to the VIN(-) input of the A/D and applying a voltage to the VIN(+) input.Clocking OptionThe clock for the A/D can be derived from an external source such as the CPU clock or an external RC network can be added to provide self-clocking. The CLK IN (pin 4) makes use of a Schmitt trigger.Heavy capacitive or DC loading of the CLK R pin should be avoided as this will disturb normal converter operation. Loads less than 50pF, such as driving force up to 7 A/D converter clock inputs from a single CLK R pin of 1 converter, are allowed. F or larger clock line loading, a CMOS or low power TTL buffer or PNP input logic should be used to minimize the loading on the CLK R pin (do not use a standard TTL buffer).Restart During a ConversionIf the A/D is restarted (CS and WR go low and return high) during a conversion, the converter is reset and a new conversion is started. The output data latch is not updated if the conversion in progress is not completed. The data from the previous conversion remain in this latch.Continuous ConversionsIn this application, the CS input is grounded and the WR input is tied to the INTR output. This WR and INTR node should be momently forced to logic low following a power-up cycle to insure circuit operation.Interfacing the MicrocontrollerInterfacing the ADC0804 with 8051 As shown in the typica circuit, ADC0804 can be interfaced with any microcontroller. A minimum of 11 pins are required to interface the ADC0804, eight for data pins and 3 for control pins. As shown in the typical circuit the chip select pin can be made low if you are not using the microcontroller port for any otherperipheral(multiplexing).There is auniversalrule to find out how to use an IC. All we guide is the datasheet of the IC we are working with and a look at thetiming diagramof the IC which shows how to level the data, which signal to assert and at what timethe signalshould be made high or low, etc.Timing Diagrams,Pin Description1.CS, Chip Select This is an active low pin and used to bring out the ADC0804.2.RD, Read This is an input pin and active low. After converting the analog data, the ADC stores the result in an internal register. This pin is used to get the data out of the ADC 0804 chip. When CS=0 high to low pulse is given to this pin, the digital output is shown on the pins D0-D7.3.WR, salvage This is an input pin and active low. This is used to instruct the ADC to start the conversion process. If CS=0 and WR makes a low to high transition, the ADC starts the conversion process.4.CLK IN, Clock IN This is an input pin connected to an external clock source.5.INTR, Interrupt This is an active low output pin. This pin goes low when the conversion is over.6. Vin+ Analog Input .7. Vin- Analog Input. Connected to ground.8.AGND Analog Ground.9.Vref/2 This pin is used to set the reference voltage. If this is not connected the default reference voltage is 5V. In some application it is required to reduce the step size. This can be done by using this pin.10. DGND Digital Ground.11-18. Output data Bits (D7-D0).19. CLKR Clock Reset.20. Vcc Positive SupplyThe above timing diagrams are from ADC0804 datasheet. The first diagram shows how to start a conversion. Also you can see which signals are to be asserted and at what time to start a conversion. So looking into the timing diagramwe note down the locomote or say the order in which signals are to be asserted to start a conversion of ADC. As we have trenchant to make Chip select pin as low so we need not to bait about the CS signal in thetiming diagram. Below steps are for starting an ADC conversion. I am also including CS signal to give you a clear picture. While programming we will not use this signal. become chip select (CS) signal low.Make write (WR) signal low.Make chip select (CS) high.Wait for INTR pin to go low (means conversion ends).Once the conversion in ADC is done, the data is available in the output latch of the ADC. Looking at the second diagram, which shows thetiming diagramofhow to readthe converted value from the output latch of the ADC, data of the new conversion is only available for reading after ADC0804 made INTR pin low or say when the conversion is over. Below are the steps to read output from the ADC0804.Make chip select (CS) pin low.Make read (RD) signal low.Read the data from port where ADC is connected.Make read (RD) signal high.Make chip select (CS) high.Interfacing the LCD with 8051 Pin Information of LCDPin NoNameDescription1VssGround2Vdd+5V3VeeContrast Adjustment -2V t o -5V4RSRegister Select5RW1 -Read , 0- issue6EEnable Strobe7D0Data Line8D1Data Line9D2Data Line10D3Data Line11D4Data Line12D5Data Line13D6Data Line14D7Data Line15 take+Backlit LED +V Vdd (Optional signal)16LED-Backlit LED -V Vss (Optional signal)Algorithm to send data to LCD1.Make R/W low2.Make RS=0 if data byte is commandRS=1 if data byte is data (ASCII value)3.Place data byte on data register4.Pulse E (HIGH to LOW)5.Repeat the steps to send another data byteLCD InitializationProper working of LCD depend on the how the LCD is initialized. We have to send few command bytes to initialize the LCD. Simple steps to initialize the LCDSpecify function set Send38Hfor 8-bit, double line and 57 paneling character format.Display On-Off control Send0FHfor display and blink cursor on.Entry mode set Send06Hfor cursor in increment position and shift is invisible.Clear display Send01Hto clear display and return cursor to home position.Writing softwareThe LCD module is an intelligent component. W e distribute to LCD module by sending commands from microcontroller. To write data to LCD module separate chronological succession is followed for 4 bit and 8 bit mode.Writing command for 8 Bit modeWrite 8 bit data on D0-D7Generate strobe by taking EN from high to lowWriting command for 4 Bit modeWrite 4 bit data (upper nibble) on D4-D7Generate strobe by taking EN from high to lowWrite 4 bit data (lower nibble) on D4-D7Generate strobe by taking EN from high to lowLCD CommandsInstructionRSRWD7D6D5D4D3D2D1D0DescriptionNOP0000000000No OperationClear Display0000000001Clear Display and spoken communication counter = 0Cursor Home000000001xAddress counter = 0Entry mode set00000001I/DSSet cursor direction(I/D) and auto display shift (S)Display Control0000001DCBTurn display (D) and cursor (C) ON/OFF. Set cursor blinking(B)Cursor/ Display shift000001SR/LxxShift display/cursor (S), specify direction (R/L)Function set00001DLNFxxSet Interface data width (DL), number of display lines (N), chara cter font (F)Set CGRAM Address0001Set CGRAM address (D0-D5), CGRAM data is sent after this commandSet DDRAM Address001Set DDRAM address (D0-D6), DDRAM data is sent after this commandBusy Flag and Address01BFRead busy flag (BF) and address counter(D0-D6)Write Data10Write data (D0-D7) into DDRAM/CGRAMRead Data11Read data (D0-D7) from DDRAM/CGRAMLegends used in table-I/D1- Increment, 0- DecrementS1- Auto Display shift, 0 No display shiftD1- Display ON, 0 Display OFFC1- Cursor ON, 0- Cursor OFFB1- Cursor blinking ON, 0 Cursor blinking OFFS1- Display Shift, 0 -Cursor moveR/L1- Shift right, 0- Shift leftDL1- 8 bit interface, 0- 4 bit interfaceN1- 2 lines, 0- 1 lineF1- 5X10 dots font, 0- 5X7 dots f

Liquefied petroleum gas

molten crude oil botch upDirect Flame Production of hundred Nanotubes (CNTs) From Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)AbstractLiquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a common rest home fuel use for cooking purpose in India. LPG is very rich in its carbon content because of its special(prenominal) mixing components of predominantly C3 alkane (Propane C3H8) or C4 alkane (Butane C4H10) which provides a better chance of producing strong and soundly quality nano products like nanotubes, nanotubes nanowires, nanoparticles etc. In our laboratory a lab scale flame reactor is intentional and developed for producing carbon nanotubes exploitation LPG as the carbon source in the presence of breed as an oxidant under atmospheric conditions. The design aspects and the best operational conditions of the flame reactor for producing carbon nanotubes atomic number 18 discussed. The nanotubes obtained were purified and were further characterized using SEM, TEM XRD and Raman.KEYWORDSCarbon Nanotubes (ca rbon) TEM (Transmission electron microscopy) LPG (alkanes) Raman (Raman spectroscopy) XRD Flame Synthesis1. IntroductionLiquified petroleum gas (also called as LPG or Autogas) is a mixture of hydrocarbon gases used as a fuel in heating appliances and vehicles and it is increasingly replacing chlorofluorocarbons as an aerosol propellant and a refrigerant to reduce the damage and degeneration of the ozone layer. LPG is a clean, convenient vigour source, which can be stored as a liquid under moderately high pressure and used as a gas in commercial and residential heating applications. It is a common household fuel used for cooking purpose in India, LPG is rich in its carbon content because of its specific mixing components of predominantly C3 alkane (Propane C3H8) or C4 alkane (Butane C4H10) which provides a better chance of producing strong and good quality nano products like nanotubes, nanotubes nanowires, nanoparticles etc.Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are among the amazing objects tha t science sometimes creates by accident, with let out nitty-gritty to, but that will likely revolutionize the technological landscape of the century ahead. Our society stands to be importantly influenced and shaped by carbon nanotube applications in every aspect, Carbon nanotubes read been compoundd for a immense time as products from the action of a catalyst over the gaseous species originating from the thermal decline of hydrocarbons 1. Since their discovery by Sumio Ijima 2 several ways of preparing them have been explored. The CNTs have been synthesized by confused methods e.g. electric arc discharge, laser evaporation and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) 3-5.Though researchers have been successful to synthesize multi-wall nano tubes they can beget only in milligram to gram quantities in a a few(prenominal) hours. However as many an(prenominal) potential applications 6-7 of CNTs require kilogram to ton quantities.Apisit Songsasen et al 8 have synthesized CNTs by means of catalytic decomposition of LPG on a Zeolite-supporting Nickel catalyst. Qian et al 9 have describe the formation of CNTs by the decomposition of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) containing sulfur in the presence of Fe/Mo/Al2O3 catalyst, Since this contains sulfur of a few to several hundred ppm, which can lead to poisoning the catalyst heavily, few reports currently exist on using LPG or natural gas directly for production of carbon nanomaterials, only Prokudina et al 10 has reported CNT synthesis from LPG by CVD method, but till date no information and literature is reported on direct flame synthesis of CNTs by LPG. The main challenge in this field is to develop methods to start nanotubes on a bountiful scale and at low cost. As Flame synthesis of nano carbons creation a continuous flow method, in which flowing gaseous feedstock mixture could produce CNTs in large quantities it has several advantages like easy scale up, particle size control, dual role of feed gas which serves bo th as carbon source and fuel, and in-situ generation of catalyst. Hence it is one of the preferred methods for start production of not only CNTs but also other nano particles and nano metal oxides. This method is very multipurpose and is of widespread importance.Many groups have investigated gas-phase continuous-flow production of carbon nanomaterials using other hydrocarbons. These studies typically involve transition a mixture of carbon source gas and organo metallic catalyst precursor molecules through a heated furnace. In this paper we report the direct flame synthesis of carbon nanotubes using LPG and air as our gaseous feedstock in a diffusion image burner without any external use of a catalyst and synthesis at optimum process parameters.2. ExperimentalThe flame reactor (Fig.1) has been indigenously designed to produce carbon nanotubes at our university. The detailed setup and process instrument and diagram (PID) of the reactor (Fig. 2) has been discussed in detail in our previous work 11. In general our reactor operates under atmospheric pressure. The metric quantity of the LPG and the oxidant reaches the ignition chamber where the partial combustion process occurs where the CNTs are produced. During the process we have observed the dark orange flame color which is perfectly in a spindle form. on the entire length of the flame, its temperature was recorded using a K-type thermocouple where this temperature can provide some selective information regarding the growth of nanotubes. The soot thus produced is captured on a glass fiber filter (Axiva GF/A) with the aid of a vacuum pump and the collected soot is scrapped carefully and weighed and later heat treated and oxidized at 550 OC in the presence of air for 60 minutes to remove any traces of amorphous carbon impurities and and soce the sample is reweighed in order to estimate the loss of amorphous carbon as an impurity then the samples are later characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD and Raman for their q uality. The total amount of thermally oxidized and purified sample from the experiment (for 30 minute run) weighed only 0.8g.3. Results and Discussion3.1 Scanning Electron Microscope AnalysisThe samples were analyzed using Phillips XL 30 serial Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) from National Center for Compositional Characterization of Materials (NCCCM), Hyderabad. From the Figs (3a 3d) we can see a laboured growth of carbon nanotubes at various flow rates with respect to the oxidant to fuel (O/F) ratios between 0.7 1.0 slpm/slpm (standard litre per minute). The total diameter range of the CNTs from the SEM image was found to be around 200 nm -1000 nm and lengths greater than 40 m.3.2 Transmission Electron Microscope AnalysisThe TEM (Technai -12, FEI) images (Fig 4a) shows the presence of thickly packed multiwalled CNT with an average diameter of 150 250 nm which is still surrounded by traces of carbonaceous nanoparticle aggregates possibly caused due to the sprinkling of the sample in the solvent. This can be assumed that the agglomerated carbon nanoparticles were actually protected by the CNTs during the thermal treatment, as the CNTs might have formed a net like layer coating the nanoparticles and protecting it from the heat and oxidation. Fig 4b shows a thick multi walled CNT around 250 nm in its diameter with tons of traces of agglomerated carbon nanoparticles which can be accounted for the presence of C60 particles which is also in agreement with the XRD analysis in Fig 5. The broken caps of the CNTs also reveal the disorientation and a defective growth of the grapheme layers as seen in the Raman analysis in Fig 6.3.2 X-ray Diffraction AnalysisThe XRD (PW1830 Phillips) analysis was carried out using CuKa1 type of radiation with a wavelength (l) of 1.54060 . XRD (Fig. 5) of nanotubess produced using LPG-air at an O/F ratio of 0.7 slpm/slpm shows a heterogeneous crystallinity in the sample. The raw scan detected three strong peaks. The first peak at 2 go of 25.77O was found with (110) orientation of atoms along its plane with peak same to graphite with an orthorhombic type of system and an end-centered lattice. The molybdenum peak at 2 angle of 43.159O was found with (245) orientation of atoms along its plane with peak corresponding to C60 molecule with a cubic type of system and a primitive lattice. The third peak at 2 angle of 83.475O was found with (112) orientation of atoms along its plane with peak corresponding to graphite with a hexagonal type of system and a primitive type lattice respectively.3.2 Raman AnalysisRaman analysis (Horiba Jobin Yvon T64000, Raman Spectrophotometer) was carried out only on the best sample (Fig.6) which clearly shows the D band G band respectively. The D band (the disorder band is wholesome-known in broken in graphitic materials and located between 1330-1360 cm-1 when it is excited with a visible laser) it is expected to be observed in Multi Walled Nanotubes (MWNT). However when the D band is observed in SWNTs 12, it is assumed to contain defects in the tubes. The G band or (TM- Tangential Mode) 12, corresponds to the stretching mode of the -C-C- stay in the graphite plane 12. This mode is located near 1580 cm-1. From the figure we can say that the nanotubes are in the slightly disordered graphite phase based on the D band wavelength record at 1349 cm-1. This D band also confirms the presence of amorphous state of carbon in the mass sample. Based on the G band from the figures, there appears two peaks at 1560 and 1600 cm-1 respectively which proves the presence of multi layers of disordered graphene sheets. On analyzing the level of graphitization using the D and G band intensities ratio, we find that the sample is normally well graphitized with small degree of crystallinity and its ID/IG ratio was found to be around 0.939.4. ConclusionsCarbon nanotube (CNT) is a versatile group of applied chemicals with high degree of applications on larger scale in various disciplines. The synthesis, purification and the cost still remains an un-doubted debate around the world hence an economical blast is to be developed in order to produce large amounts of good quality CNTs from an economical and a resourceful fuel. LPG as a general commodity plays a major role since its availability in India is high and it is a very economical source of fuel as well. Here, we were able to successfully synthesize semicrystalline, CNTs from LPG with an average diameter of 100 500 nm using the direct flame synthesis approach.References1. Bharat Bhushan, springer spaniel Handbook of Nanotechnology, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, New York, 2004, Chap 3, pp 39 40.2. S. Iijima, Nature 354, (1991), 56.3. T.W. Ebbesen and P.M. Ajayan, Nature 358, (1992), 220.4. T. Guo, P. Nikolaev, A.G. Rinzler, D. Tomanek, D.T. Colbert and R.E. Smalley, J. Phys. Chem. 99, (1995), 10694.5. J. Kong, A. M. Cassell and H.J. Dai, Chem.Phys. Lett. 292, (1998), 567.6. chow chow X T, Lai H L, Peng H Y, Au F C K, Liao L S, Wang N, Bello I, Lee C S, Lee S T, Chem Phys Lett 318, (2000), 58 62.7. Zhou X T, Wang N, Au F C K, Lai H L, Peng H Y, Bello I, Lee C S, Lee S T, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 286 (2000) 119 -124.8. Apisit Songsasen and Paranchai Pairgreethaves, the Kasetsart Journal. (Natural. Sciences) Number 3, 35, (2001), 354 359.9. W. Qian, H. Yu, F. Wei, Q. Zhang and W.Wang, Carbon 40, Issue 15, (2002), 2968-2970.10. N.A. Prokudina, E.R. Shishchenko, O.S. Joo, D.Y. Kim and S.H. Han, Advanced Materials, Vol. 12, Issue 19, (2000), 1444 1447.11. Vivek Dhand, J.S Prasad, M. Venkateswara Rao, K. Naga Mahesh, L. Anupama, V. Himabindu, Anjaneyulu Yerramilli, V.S. Raju, A.A. Sukumar Indian Journal of Engg Mat. Sci, 14, (2007), 240-252.12. http//www.jobinyvon.com/usadivisions/Raman/applications/Carbon03.pdf

Stereotyping Muslim Women in TV and Film

Stereotyping Moslem Wo workforce in TV and Film unfathomable stereotypes and misrepresentation more or less Arab Moslem wo custody have been dominating the air jacketern media. It every started with the guess of Clash of Civilization that was written by Samuel P. Huntington in 1997. In his theory, Huntington stressed that Islam has visible conflicting vision and action to the occidental ideas of indecorum and democracy, and that Islam is the main enemy to the West. In other voice communication, Islam and Arabs has contrasting ideologies than the wolfram has. And that the ideologies the wolfram have closely democracy and liberty conflict about the Islam consciousness of the democracy and liberation. This was the start of the stereotyping of Arabs in general.The occupation of stereotyping of Arabs in general has been on the gain since the disaster of 9/11. Arabs have been subjected to discrimination and violence since 9/11, a Muslim girl for example that works in a renta l car comp both was simply fired because she was told that she cannot wear her veil, as considerably as a hotel employee give tongue to that he was cursed many times and that batch called him Taliban and Osama.After kinsfolk 9/11 attack on the USA, the stereotyping began at its fullest load, that the Islam and Arabs be terrorists, cruel, robbers, heartless, religious fanatics, brutal murderers, and abusers of women. It resulted in the start of o the word-painting of Arab women that they ar ab utilise by men, and that they argon sex object, belly dancers and notes diggers, and that they have no self esteem, and they ar beaten by men and they be only do what men wishes and require without having any idea about it.Following 9/11, the world started attack Islam and they acc utilise Islam of universe a religion of terrorism, however, among those attackers there were many who wanted to have it off the equity about that religion in order to know whether it is really a reli gion of terrorism or not. The media exaggerated in reporting the incident of 9/11 which resulted in making a lot of concourse believe that Arabs and Muslims atomic number 18 terrorists. Also Hollywood is a big breach of exaggerating this stretch out.Cinema Producers and Film Makers keep on making movies that stereotype Arabs as terrorists and killers. They besides stereotype them with the five Bs, which ar Billionaires, Bombers, Belly dancers, Bedouins, and Barbarians. jacks shaheen in his movie Reel Bad Arabs showed that the western movies are obsessed with word-painting of Arab women in their movies, but they draw them from their train of views. They didnt change any design during years of portrayals.Jack Shaheen utter that the portray of Arab women nearly as slave girls, a fair sex wearing a transparent veil that shows her body, and that they are belly dancers and peasant gold diggers that they are able to do anything in the sake of their well being, Shaheen in his this part about the portray of Arab women as gypsies and gold diggers is duty and I agree with him that is generally the case in western movies that portray Arab women.Moreover, in the Disney movie remake of around the world in 80 days, they represent that Arnold Sch contendzenegger an Arab Sheikh, that have more than 100 wives slaves just for sex, which shows that the Arab men are not satisfied by one woman only and they want lot of everything correct the wives, and this part also talk about El shariaa that the man has the right to marry 4 wives. Which the West refuses its concept from the front place, but they dont even understand the Law of Islam to talk about this issue or to misrepresent it in this way. But although they pictured Arab women in several(predicate) go dones the gold digger, the sex slave, mischievous, but after the attacks of September 11 the image of terrorists is the dominate image in the mind and the movies of the West.The TV influences the heap in a tremendous way it affects their attitudes and behavior, and affects their minds and believes. The media personnel record advantage of this fleck that the western the great unwashed are ignorant about anything that relates to Arabs and they just know them from movies and TV shows, and they mostly are in the image of terrorist so they take of this point and represent Arabs and Arab women without packing them or understanding them and they stereotype them as the way they want the people to think of them. They succeed in this point that most of the westerlys when they come to think about Arabs or Arab women, the first thing that comes to their minds is Arabs being terrorists ,barbarians, cruel, robbers, monsters, beater of women, take women as slaves, women are just for their own pleasure.Everyone knows from western media and western image what image Arab women have in general, images that started by the orientalists about Arab Harim, Arab dancing, Arab women set as objects in the Arab world locked in doors, having no function in human race affairs, Muslim women being inferior to men. These are the concepts in western media, in western films and in western cartoons, unfortunately.Most Arabs are submissive to being stereotyped by western media, but for Arab women the problem is particularly sensitive. It seems that the westbound media is obsessed by the way a Muslim woman garmentes the veil in particular. Most of the Arab Muslim women are portray as fat, shapeless women in their loose dress and ugly veil shape they even do them as a caricature in nearly magazines and programs. In fact, the concept of veil woman is constantly perceive in the west as shes having a life, shes al slipway seen as a victim, poor, isolated creature politically, culturally and she is so isolated. According to Gwinn (1997), he said that the veil woman is always reflected by the western to be the most popular way of representing the problem of Islam. In fact, Longtime ago pre I slam veils were usance among Greeks, Romans and Jews, but when Islam started and the Muslim women took the veils as a way to cover their vibrissa as God said, the West started to identify the conceal women as the Muslim terrorist one.The veil that the Muslim women wear is seen as a symbolic representation of glum and alien status as mentioned by Posetty (2008) in his article. Images of Islamic dress are increasingly used in the western media as a symbol of extremism. As a result, Muslims all over Europe and the West in general, are suffering from the consequences of such(prenominal) associations.The main problem as Ahmed (1992) pointed out in his article, has been that the act of veiling among Muslim women is associated with the lack of traditionalism and backwardness that does not fit into the modern society and among Western women. This reflects the theory of Orientalism that was verbalize by Said 1978, which asserts that the East and its inhabitants are considered backward, barbaric and outsiders to Western society.As mentioned by Edward Said in this Orientalist framework, the Muslim Arab women have always been approximation as others they are always considered as different from the Western women and the Western culture. The Western conceptional, Othered portrayed women as sexual objects, weak, and that they are marginalized in their own society. The Orientalism decocted on Arabic, history, and philosophy, but failed to truly convey the lives and feelings of Muslims, their voices remained mute.Muslims, as portrayed in western media, illustrate two Orientalist assumptions that arouse patronage and fear in Western societies. The fisrt as mentiond by Posetty (2008), Muslim women are suppress and in need of liberation and the second is that Muslim men are a violent force that creates a threat to Western society.In an agreement with Mishra (2007), who has been studying the misrepresentation constructed by the Western media about the Muslim Arab women since the 9/11 incident. She has examined the articles published by The r evolutionary York clock and other newspapers and magazines after the 9/11 incident, particularly, between September 11, 2001 and September 11, 2003. Through her study she found that issues such as rape, torture, and patriarchal heaviness were all topics that related to Muslim women in non-Western countries. Additionally, the discussion of women in Islam tends to be centered around the burqu, hijab, or as it is called in the Western societies as the veil.Muslims women living abroad are facing a bigger problem than just a misunderstanding or negative image, unfortunately they are facing a huge discrimination between them and the westernized women. The Arab Muslim immigrant women are facing gender-based media representations as well. As stated by Morin (2009), the immigrant Muslim Arab women are subjected to cultural misconceptions and the recent political conflicts that have spoiled Arab-Western relations. Th ese misconceptions that are created by the Western media make it hard for those women to live abroad without being discriminated and thought as others. In the West, clearly, negative Arab images rooted in history are providing a base for the stereotyping of Arab women in the media.In addition to the misconception about the veil, words such as the circumcision, polygamy, the sharia (Islamic) law, the harem, forced marriages, etc, are just a few issues that are associated with the Arab Muslim women, which resulted in fitting women into the absolute, homogenous oppressed Muslim woman category.News on Muslim women is dominated by the culturalist presentation and interpretation of Islam. In fact, the discrimination of these women, which attracts media attention, tends to be explained almost solo according to theories on Islamic culture. For example, when referring to the rights of Muslim women, the news discourse tends to direction on symbolic and religious issues such as the veil or Is lam, and they tend to avoid more important issues that are related to the equality of these women, such as rights to education or public freedoms. These visions are removed from reality because they fail to take into account bond of millions of women to their Islamic identity.The Western newspaper articles mainly present Muslims women in three ways as passive women, as victims and as veiled women. They are portrayed as observers rather than as active participants in their community. Their role as victims is reflected through the publishing of news stories describing conflicts such as the Afghan or Algerian conflicts in which women are clearly victims.Muslim-Arab women have increasingly been on the position covers of magazines and front pages of newspapers since 9/11 and all the events that followed among the major topics covered were the war in Afghanistan, the U.S.-led Iraqi invasion, as well as the elections in both countries. For example, on the covers of National Geographic a nd various other magazines, veiled women award the western urge to discover what lies underneath the veil.Since the invasion of Afghanistan, the Western media began to focus on the unveiling of women as a sign of their liberation, which we totally resist with. Images of women removing the veil serve as justification to many individuals for the war. Time cartridge published an article in December 2001 that told the story of 200 women who collected together to remove their veils together in a post-Taliban Afghanistan. (Macdonald, 2003).As stated by Ayish (2010), news media has made it a point to document the lives of millions of women that are in need of saving from an oppressive religion. The news media, specifically The New York Times and Time Magazine, have employed divisive methods founded in Orientalist assumptions that picture justification for Western intervention in the Middle East. And as stated by Mishra (2007), the media portrayals of Muslim men and women in The New Yo rk Times reenforce the need for Western intervention in Muslim societies and communities, to whether help exculpate Muslim women or to keep Muslim men under inspection as they are considered as a threat and violence.In advertising, they are being misrepresented as well. The Western advertisement also used the Arab Muslim women in their advertisement and they didnt want to endangerment by changing the image that the west al take ony have for the Arab Muslim women, so they used the stereotyped and typical image of the veiled woman harem, the mysterious veiled woman that is under the control of an oppressive man, to appeal to their customers of the west. They didnt want to risk changing the image in an advertisement and that this image is strong in the mind of the Western people, and they might lose money or even customers and they might accuse them with treason because they put the Arabs in a good enough image.They use the veil of the Muslim Arab women as a sex symbol to sell fo r sex. They think when they put a woman in a veil they depart get the consumers to buy the product. And when they do, they willing buy the whodunit behind the veil. The Westerns are usually buying a false and imaginary image of the Others which are the Arab or Arab women.The continuous and repetitive of these images in the different types of media will make these images real in the mind of the Western people, and this will enlarge the pause between the East and the West The oppressed veiled Muslim woman in the ads may also be machine-accessible to the escalating intolerance and disputes surrounding Muslim women and the veil in the Western world.Media people should be careful with what they put in the different types of media so as not to spread false and imaginary images or believes about other culture or other people traditions, and make them in the rack up image that could be, and make them by these images increase the hatred between countries and increase hate crimes and w ars. Media people should see the sensitivity in the materials they publish, and consider these images will hurt or damage someone or not, they should study the Arab and study their traditions and their believes Shariaa before talking falsely about it in different ways and different types of media.Western fascination with the veiling of Muslim women as a symbol of oppression is often contradictory to reality. The west are characterization Arab women in this way because they inherited this stereotyping, and they didnt try to do research or study of Arabs and Arab women to see if they are right about what they are showing in their movies or what they are writing. They just took what they have watched in the movies and read in papers, and they started to portray or actually kept on the comparable way of this negative portrayal and stereotyping of Arab women, without the right noesis about the Arab culture, religion, and mostly people.ConclusionIn the West, Arab women are often portr ayed through conventional representations and discourses in which they have no voice. The Western popular imagination, nurtured by a media which commonly lacks sensitivity to complex realities, is quick to associate Arab women with oppression and subordination. Arab women are limited to a debate between tradition and modernity in which they are alternatively perceived as model of a mythic cultural authenticity, of a drift towards extremism or of radical modernization. Therefore, they find themselves at the heart of the ambiguous relations between the Eastern and Western worlds, which was canvas by Edward Sad. They are, however, essential actors in the development of the Arab region, and it is indispensable that their position at the heart of all contemporary social, political, economic and cultural matters be accepted in both the East and West.Basically the media is the main reason of enlarging the gap between the West and the East, it keeps on pressing and pressing on the west and filling their minds with pictures, movies, and news against Muslims and Islam that arent true. Since September 11 until now Hollywood keeps on making movies about Arabs and Muslims portraying them as terrorists and killers who attack innocent people without any reason, while they dont make any movies about Israeli.The mass media not only exclude modern Islamist women but also, in general, the socially and culturally diverse communities of Muslim women living in either the Arab world or in Western world. These women are not only housewives, mothers and Muslims as portrayed by the media, but also students, researchers, entrepreneurs, domestic workers, artists, politicians, volunteers, activists, etc. In this respect, it is also not accidental that the media do not report on the evolution of pro human rights movements (including womens rights and freedoms movements) that exist in some Arab countries, such as Egypt and Morocco.Misconceptions by the media have resulted in misundersta nding Arab women. As Gwinn (1997) stated, ideas about the Muslim world have managed to deform much of our understandings toward Muslim women. Words such as the veil, the harem, female circumcision, etc. have managed to give an impression to some of the images associated with the oppressed Muslim woman.The problem now is how to convey knowledge to public opinion so that they know truly whats going on in the Middle East. Unfortunately theyre trying to build on peoples ignorance, or on peoples busy time as nobody has the time to read a lot. It is time to build on information or on knowledge that the Arabs are descendents of great civilization, Arab women have the right to live like any other woman in the world with their children and to have their childrens future away(predicate) from humiliation, away from occupation. The western media is the one who damaged the image of the Muslims specially the veiled women, so they must take step and start to do campaigns, movies, or documentaries to correct the image of the Arab Muslim woman and start to treat her unremarkably or even correct the negative images.

How God Can Help to Understand the Presence of Natural Evil

How beau ideal Can succor to Understand the Presence of Natural EvilThousands have died in the pass 12 months as a result of adverse weather conditions, hundreds of thousands as a result of earthquake and vol potbellyic activity, and millions through cell renewing leading to diseases much(prenominal)(prenominal) as burncer. Explore how models of god can suspensor or hinder an persuasion of the presence of such earthy execration in the piece.Gener every(prenominal)y when you think of the word fiendish, your prototypical reaction lead be to think of moral infernal d despicableishness committed by hu populace existences. Three examples of such evils argon murder, rape, and terrorism. In Christian tradition, evil consists of interruption the rules given by divinity fudge to man, and suffering is matinee idols penalization for breaking those rules. Theologian Henri Blocher depicts evil, when odored upon as a theological concept, as an unjustifiable reality. In c ommon parlance, evil is something that occurs in experience that ought non to be.1 The focus of this study however, is rude(a) evil. This is evil in the world that arises from what we call subjective events. This would include earthquakes, floods, tornadoes, disease, birth defects, and other aspects of our world that cause suffering and death, e.g. cancer. These create a problem for us in how we think ab forbidden God, because such events cut back evil on victims, but with no human perpetrator to load for it.Now that the actual wages of evil has been addressed, we can begin to look at how models of God can help or hinder an commiserateing of the presence of such evil. Evil poses a big problem to Christianity, because they counsel the existence of a deity who is omnibenevolent (all loving), while simultaneously also being omnipotent (all powerful), and omniscient (all knowing)2. This is arguably the most obvious problem ca apply by models of God with regard to natural evil, yet also the biggest, and it still has non been solved. If God is omnipotent, indeed God has the power to eliminate all evil. If God is omniscient, and so God knows when evil exists. And finally, if God is omnibenevolent, then God has the lust to eliminate all evil. If God is all powerful, then he essential have the power to occluded front such events. If he has the power to gunpoint them, but chooses not to, then he isnt omnibenevolent. If he doesnt stop such events even though he wants to, then he is not omnipotent. This would then insinuate that God, or at least the Christian image of God, does not exist. This is obviously a model of God causing great chip to getting whateverwhere near to understanding natural evil.In God and Evil, McCloskey examines five popular solutions to the problem of understanding natural evil. In this term natural evil is referred to as somatogenetic evil. The five solutions proposed are physical upright (pleasure) requires physical evil (pai n) to exist at all forcible evil is Gods punishment of sinners Physical evil is Gods warning and reminder to man Physical evil is the result of the natural laws, the operations of which are on the whole good and finally, Physical evil increases the total good.3 With regard the first solution offered, McCloskey is quick to shoot it down. It doesnt cover all natural goods and evils. He says that Disease and insanity are evils, but health and sanity are possible in the total absence of disease and insanity.4 He goes on to describe how the stemma is unsound in respect of its main contention, and thus seriously limits Gods power. This solution would maintain that God cannot create pleasure without pain, and as McCloskey shows, they are not correlatives.Next, McCloskey considers the solution that natural evil is Gods way of tough sin. This was the idea used to explain the terrible Lisbon earthquake in the 18th Century, when tens of thousands of Portuguese citizens were killed. Voltair e replied to the argument that it was a punishment by request if God chose the people he felt were least virtuous in society, which clearly is not the case. For this argument to help us understand natural evil, it would require every single human being to have sinned so badly that we all merit severe punishment from God such is the uneven distribution of the punishment if it is so. McCloskey argues that even if it were the case that we all deserve punishment, why is there the issue of birth defects such as sightlessness or mental disabilities what have the children then done to deserve punishment? In fairness he does concede that this argument has dropped out of the theological sphere, but it is one that is still used at the popular level.5Thirdly, the issue of natural evil as a warning to men is considered. once more this explanation comes no closer to helping us understand natural evil. Joyce, cited in God and Evil puts forward that natural evils inspire a reverential awe of th e Creator who made them.6 McCloskey goes onto describe evil as the main reason why people turn away from holiness and so if God is using it to try and inspire veneration, then he is a bungler7. Also the use of evil for this reason wouldnt be something youd put up from a benevolent deity.Penultimately, evil as the result of the natural laws is considered. McCloskey summarises the argument by saying This fourth argument seeks to exonerate God by explaining that He created a world sound on the whole, but such that he had no control over the laws governing His creations, and had control scarce in His selection of His creations.8 This would then indicate three of the main arguments used by theists contradict each other and in turn choose it more difficult for us to understand natural evil. It also asks headings of Gods omnipotence. The earlier two arguments attribute the detailed results of the operation of these laws directly to Gods will. Therefore it is not without significance that they betray such uncertainty as to whether God is to be commended or exonerated.9The solution considered lastly is that the Universe is better with evil in it. This type of argument portrays evil as a means to a greater good. McCloskey again discredits it by saying even if the general rule of the argument is not questioned, it is still seen to be a defective argument. On the one lapse, it proves too little it justifies only some evil, and not ineluctably all of the evil in the universe on the other hand it proves too much because it creates doubts about the righteousness of apparent goods.10 While we moldiness(prenominal) take into account that McCloskey is a firm atheist, it is difficult to prove any of his arguments against these explanations as pervert. Only the last argument does not conflict with the theist model of God, and even then it only shows that natural evils that occur may have a justification. This is hardly an argument that helps understand the presence of natural evil in the world.Perhaps a model of God that can help us to understand why natural evil is lively in the world is the theodicy of Augustine. A theodicy is an answer to the problem of evil. The biblical report card of The Fall in the book of Genesis is fundamental to Augustines theodicy. jibe to Genesis, crack was created arrant(a) in a flawless world but then sinned consciously by eating from the forbidden tree. Mans original wholesomeness was lost and all his descendants inherited original sin and original guilt. Augustine puts forward that our punishment for Adams moral evil, which we have inherited, is natural evil.11Augustine argued that God is entirely good and cannot be held responsible for creating evil. He would say that Man deserves to be punished and wherefore it is right that God should not intervene and put a stop to suffering because we created evil by misusing our freedom. Evil, therefore, is not a thing in itself but rather a privatio boni, that is a lack of goodness or a falling short of the perfection which God intended for us, since God only creates good and it makes no sense to talk about creating a deprivation. Evil only happens where good goes wrong and it is always man who causes this to happen.12If evil is a lack of goodness or perfection (privatio boni) rather than a substance in itself, how do we know what perfection is? In order, for example, to chance upon between what is good in man and what is bad we would need to understand what perfect human nature is. There is a logical contradiction in maintaining that a perfectly created world has gone wrong, because this would mean that evil must have created itself out of nothing, which is not possible. In other words, whether evil is considered to be a substance or a lack of goodness responsibility for it must lie with God. Either the world was not perfect in the first place or God allowed it to go wrong (by allowing Satan to tempt Adam to eat the apple). If, in the Gar den of Eden, forward the Fall (i.e. in the perfect world) there was no knowledge of good and evil, how could there have been the freedom to obey or disobey God? Adams initial capacity to choose evil must still be attributed to God. For scientifically minded critics the main weakness of Augustines theodicy is, again, that it is derived from Genesis and the story of the Fall. It does not take account of evolutionary theory. The idea that a perfectly created world was damaged by humans (and that this is how evil and suffering came into the world) is not borne out by evolutionary theory. According to this view of the world, evil and suffering must have existed long before homo sapiens appeared on earth. According to Darwinian theory, for example, evil and suffering are the inevitable consequence of the postulate for survival in which all creatures have been engaged. So, again, if Gods world contained flaws (in the form of evil and suffering) before man existed, God must bear responsib ility for them. Augustines theodicy begs the question of whether God could have created free beings who always choose what is morally right. each(prenominal) the most recent scientific evidence suggests that the human race is not descended from one ancestor (Adam) as Augustine claims, but grew up across the humankind from a number of different forebears and before that from apes. Therefore we cannot be thought to have inherited Adams original sin. Nor, therefore, is God just in hard us for someone elses sin. Hell appears to be built into the design of the universe in Augustines theodicy. It would seem, therefore, that God was expecting things to go wrong, and chose to do nothing about it. How can we believe in Gods justice when some have been granted His free grace and others not , on an apparently arbitrary basis? And why would a benevolent God have wished any of his creatures to suffer eternal rile in hell?Blocher, H. 1994. Evil and the Cross. p.10Tooley, M. 2002. The Problem of Evil. Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy. Online Available at http//plato.stanford.edu/entries/evil/ Accessed on 26/04/2010McCloskey, H. J. 1960. God and Evil. The philosophic Quarterly (10)39. pp.97-114.ibid.Ibid.Joyce cited in McCloskey, H. J. 1960. God and Evil. The Philosophical Quarterly (10)39. pp.97-114.McCloskey, H. J. 1960. God and Evil. The Philosophical Quarterly (10)39. pp.97-114.Ibid.Ibid.Ibid.Birnbaum, D. 1988. God and evil a interconnected theodicy/theology/philosophyBirnbaum, D. 1988. God and evil a unified theodicy/theology/philosophy

Properties of Water for Organism Survival

Properties of weewee for Organism SurvivalNDUI PRISCILLAHDiscuss the assertion that pissing supply has several(prenominal) unique properties that make it vital non only for human beings, nevertheless for every living organisms to survive.Introduction piss is a rattling serious aspect of all living organisms plants and animals alike. What makes it so engageful and relevant to endurance are its unique properties which relate to its functions and hence its relevance to living things as discussed below.Water is a dipolar blood corpuscleWater is a ordinary oxide of henry consisting of two enthalpy molecules covalently bonded to one atomic number 8 molecule. The piddle molecule is not linear and the oxygen atom has higher electro negativity than the hydrogen atoms. The atoms of oxygen carry a slightly negative charge whereas, the hydrogen atoms are slightly positive, this gives the weewee molecule its dipole front man (en.wikipedia.org). Hence, the weewee molecule can formula up to four bonds with it self and new(prenominal) molecules. This airscrew gives water most of its properties.Water is a Universal resultant roleA solvent is a liquid which dissolves other substances. Because of its ability to form four bond with other molecules (dipole), no other chemically unemployed solvent is commensurate to dissolve a variety of materials as water nor the amount of them it can hold in solution (Edward J.K 1996). Water is able to dissolve a variety of substances solids, liquids and gases alike. (Edward, 1999) adds on to say water is the stovepipe solvent and provides a medium for the movement of molecules within and outside the cell. hence water is important in both plants and animals in that it aids movement of materials through with(predicate) diffusion as salts, sugars acids, alkalis and gases such(prenominal) as carbon dioxide (carbonation) and oxygen dissolve in it and can be transported in the organism as a transport medium as in blood, lym phatic and excretory system, the alimentary canal and xylem and phloem (Taylor D.J 1984).Water is wetBecause of its molecules forming hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules, water makes things wet. This is due to its cohesive and adhesive properties (Dr. Jain VK, 1974). cohesion is the attraction between like molecules in this case water mend adhesion is the attraction of molecules of different substances. This gives water high capillary forces, that is the style of water to move up a narrow tube against the submergence gradient. This is a in truth important property to vascular plants such as trees as it enables water to move along very narrow spaces such as during transpiration which help control the temperature of a plant.Its cohesion property is besides relevant in cells and in translocation of water through xylem in plants. This is besides vital in the rising or moving up of gull in plants.Surface tensionThe cohesive property of water brings some surface tension. Bes ides mercury, water has the greatest tendency to cohere make its surface to contract to the smallest possible areas as a result of the hydrogen bonds (Edward J.K, 1996), because of this many small organisms are able to settle on water or skate over its surface, thus providing them a habitat, for example the water striders. It also aids reproduction by way of seed dispersal, garmetes and immature stages of aquatic organisms.Water has a high specific stir up strengthThe specific light capacity of water is the amount of heat indispensable to raise one (1) gram of water from O0C to 10C. Compared to other liquids a considerably high amount of energy is required to change the temperature of water (Edward J.K, 1996). This property is also due to the numerous hydrogen bonds between water molecules. This is very vital to both humans and plants as it helps in moderating the orbs climate by buffering large fluctuations in temperature. It also protects the plants from very harmful tempe rature fluctuations. High specific heat capacity of water is also vital to marine and fresh bodies of water to help maintain a constant temperature over longer period of time and to be static over short periods of time.Latent heat of vaporVaporization or evaporation is the change of state from liquid to gas. The latent heat of drying up is the energy required to convert a liquid into gas (Vapour) at constant temperature (Dr V.K Jain, 1974). Water has the highest latent heat of vapourisation of all common substances which is somewhat 44 Kj/Mol at 250C. The high latent heat of vaporization of water enables the plants to cool themselves by giving out heat through transpiration. It is also a major factor in the transfer of heat between the ocean and the atmosphere, thereby driving the weather climate. Beside these, animals also use this property in cooling by the sweating and panting in mammals. That is, the opening of the mouth by some reptiles e.g crocodiles in sunshine and mammal s like dogs.Latent heat of fusionLatent heat of fusion is the heat required to convert a unit of atomic reactor of a solid to liquid at the same temperature. To melt 1gram of churl at 00C, 80cal. (335J) of energy is needed which is very high and caused by the front line of hydrogen bonds. This means water must loose a comparatively huge amount of heat energy to freeze. This helps protect the contents of the cells not to be damaged as their environments are less likely to freeze.Water expansion and stringencyOne of the unique properties of water is that, it reaches its maximum density at 40C and diminishes above and below that temperature. It has a tendency to expand as it freezes and its density is decreased (Dr. Jain V.K, 1974), hence ice has a level density than water and floats on top of oceans, lakes and rivers. It forms at the surface rootage and last at the bottom, this provides insulation of the water below it and increase the chances of option for acquatic organisms e specially in cold climates and during cold seasons.Penetration of lightWater which has no suspended particles is transparent in the visible electro magnetic spectrum. This implies comparatively great amounts of infrared and ultra-violet rays can penetrate through it.This enables acquatic plants to survive as they are able to carry out photosynthesis.It can therefore be deducted that water indeed has several unique properties related to its importance to all living organism without which most of these competency become extinct. Besides these water provides a habitat for millions of living organisms and is also vital in sanitisation for human beings helping to prevent the spread of infections such as viruses, phylum Protozoa and worms. Hence, water is a very vital aspect without which life might not exist.BIBLIOGRAPHYEdward J.K (1996), Concepts of Ecology fourth edition. Pearson Education. New Jersey.en. Wikipedia.org/wiki/waterDr. Jain V.K (1974), bedrock of Plant Physiology S. Ch and and Company Ltd. New DhehiTaylor D.J et al (1984), Biological Science 1 2, Cambridge University Press. New York.

Organizational Structure Of Engro Foods Marketing Essay

Organizational Structure Of Engro foods merchandise EssayNow companies be improving their takings by adopting contrasting strategies in which gameward desegregation is iodin of them. slow Integration is a type of perpendicular desegregation in which a friendship gets manoeuvre oer its suppliers to improve the aptitude and save the cost which improves its profit gross profit margins and make the firm much competitive. Backward desegregation occurs by dint of getting input suppliers, establishing semipermanent contracts with existing suppliers or investing in unfer workforceted input intersection cognitive content by internal corporate growth.The main advantages of feebleminded consolidation regardless of the assiduity argon decreased grocery storeing expenses, the stability of motions, the certain(prenominal)ty of supplies of materials, much control on the diffusion of harvest- terms, tighter fictitious character control, the on time review of lying an d ein truthocation policies, more control over inventory, and additional profit margins or the ability to charge light pr nut cases on final products. These advantages must be weighed against the disadvantages which normally are disparities among productive capacities at a range of stages of manufacturing, political pressure, lack in interest of specialty, the firmness of operations, the extension of the management team and lack of direct competitive influence on the costs of transitional products.BackgroundThis report luxuriouslylights the comparison of two companies from Pakistan Food assiduity the ENGRO FOODS and nestle PAKISTAN, which are applying averse desegregation to enhance their production capability. In Pakistan these are the top some companies which are playing a vital mathematical function in the feed patience through their dairy call forth and beverage products. nose is a subsidiary of Swiss origin beau monde which head fundament is rigid in vevey, Swit zerland. come on Pakistan started its operations in 1988 with the collaboration of Milk Pak Ltd in Pakistan which is however took over add control in 1992. In Pakistan, its head quarter is fit(p) in Lahore and the company lively operating quadruplet production facilities. Two of its factories are located in sheikhupura and Kabirwala darn integrity in Islamabad and one in Karachi. It has besides the biggest draw appeal operation in Pakistan through which they collects milk from an estimated 190,000 farmers and from their dairy farms located in different areas of Pakistan. nestle Pakistan is currently the leading sustenance beverage company of Pakistan. epoch Engro regimen is an a nonher(prenominal) biggest and fastest growing company in Pakistan. In 2005 Engro Foods limited was established and it is 100% owned by Engro Corporation. Engro Foods limited began their operations in 2006 and indoors 5 classs they make realization to their antagonist by change magnitude th eir mart carry on gradually. At the end of 2010 Engro Foods bound took control in the mart of Ultra High Temperature by incomingway new products including ice cream, juices, powder milk and flavoured milk which contain bulky potential to compete in future. The Company is give carewise incoming into spheric food markets. Its offshoot mission is that to administer a Halal food melody in North America k like a shotn as Al-Safa, which was deep acquired by Engro Corporation at a gibe cost of 6.3 mn dollars. constancy OVERVIEWRecently a seminar Current Status of Foods Industry in Pakistan Threats and Challenges was held at Lahore on September 07, 2012 in which different analysts of PCSIR and Federal Minister of cognition and Technology addresses that food manufacturing in Pakistan has beat the second largest industry by participating with 17% share in gross domestic product and in Pakistan it is now become just about consuming industry because people fatigued 42% of t heir earnings in foods products. And at the end of the session umteen analysts degree out weak point of the food industry that the in appropriate management of food products and the large harvest losses in vegetables, harvest-festivals and grain execute a food shortage in market. on that point are several welkins of food industry musical composition some are disposed below which are related to the project report, we depart primarily focus on these. These sectors are as followsdairyJuicesIce creams2.1 dairy dairy farm sector is one of the or so great sectors of Pakistan which affects more than 10 mn families. There are a lot of companies in Pakistan who are purchasing milk from farmers for their satisfaction. The dairy industry is providing jam-packed milk to its consumers in the shape of UHT, Pasteurized, Tea Whitener and Flavored milk. The industry is also producing Ice lap up, Yoghurt, Cheese, butter and miscellaneous food accompaniments for childrens.Milk is the most consumable food item having a life of 4 hours nether at a certain temperature level of room. Pakistan is 3rd leading milk producing estate in the founding with more than 47 billion litters production and 11.30% contribution in GDP and a milk economy that in survey terms is 27.7% of the total agriculture sector. According to analysts the milk production is expected to grow at 2% annually, however the impact industry is only 7% of operated milk. The milk, remain wastages and farmer preservation is 20.7 bn liters of which 1.4 bn goes into processing and the rest is sold as a commodity in retail outlets and through door to door Gawala outline. So, at that place is an immense prospect and +prospective to grow the processed milk business.The processed milk has segmented into three categories namely close UHTPowder2.1.1 Ambient UHTAs of 2010, Ambient UHT constitutes only 4% of the total Tradable Milk segment. Industry intensivenesss nonplus self-aggrandizing 10% from 2006-2010 a nd the market size was 790 cardinal liters as of December 2010.2.1.2 Powder soon, the size of the branded powder market is rough 57,000 stacks, which uses approximately 540 mn liters of milk and 3% of tradable milk. Powder market size has grown 17% from 2006 to 2010 and it is expected to grow 14% in the succeeding(a) five twelvemonths receivable to economy that powder offers as ripe(p) as its specialize use as growing up and sister nutrition source. nose Pakistan is the market leader in this segment.2.2 JuicesThe Juices, Nectars and S work on drinks market are of 507 Million Liters which has total market value of PKR 31 Billion. This market is subdivided into Juice and Nectar and Value added Still Drinks. Juices contain 100% harvesting substance, Nectar contain 25% to 99% fruit substance while still drinks contain 0 to 24 % fruit substance value added still drinks have innovative package or addition of bod etc. come on Pakistan is the market leader in this segment.2. 3 Ice CreamThe Ice Cream sector of Pakistan has growing constantly and registers a peck growth of 20% in 2010 as compare to 2009. The overall volume of ice cream sold in 2010 was 71 Million liters while the total market value was PKR 8.8 billion. The industry volumes have grown 11% over the plump four years. However, it is expected that growth will be utmoster in next five years on the back of significant investment by the industrys key players. Walls are the market leader in this industry which is followed by Omore.COMPANIES PROFILE3.1 Engro FoodsEngro Corporation curb initially introduced with Engro Chemical Pakistan which rapidly built their growth in chemical industry and after few years Engro Chemical become Engro Corporation particular(a) by making diversified investment in different sector like Foods, Energy, Fertilizer and course solutions. It started operations in 1957 as an Esso/Mobil conjunction venture which discovered the Mari Gas field near Daharki.Engro food is now becoming the biggest and fastest growing company in Pakistan. From the beginning till date Engro Foods special 100% owned supplementary company of Engro Corporation. Engro Foods Limited operations began in the year of 2006 and within 5 years company started to climb the ladder of growth rapidly. It has manage to be the market leadership in Ultra High Temperature (UHT) Industry at the end of 2010 and has launched ternary new products including Ice Cream, Flavoured Milk, Fruit Juices and Milk Powders, that show coarse potential for future. In order to back these products and to achieve high quality standards Engro Foods Limited made backward integration strategy in which they heavily invested in milk processing and collection infrastructure. The Company has innovated by venturing out of the dairy sector and stepping in the Beverage Industry by launching Olfrute and ice cream industry by launching Omore.The Company is also entering into the international markets. Its first mi ssion is to manage a Halal food business in North America known as Al-Safa, which was recently acquired by Engro Corporation at a total outlay of 6.3 mn dollars.PRODUCTION FACILITIESDairy PlantsEngro Foods has two UHT processing shews which are located in Sukkur and Sahiwal with total filling capacity of 1.1 cardinal liter per day. Sukkur Plant capacity is 400,000 liter per day whereas Sahiwal found knack is 700,000 liter per day. Engro Foods also has a powder plant at Sukkur with a capacity of 24 tons per day. Covered area of freehold land of Sukkur is 27 acres and Sahiwal production initiation is 33 acres freehold land. These production sites are equipped with plant and machinery of European origin. Sukkur Production site started its operation in Feb 2006, whereas Sahiwal plant started its operation in December 2007.Ice Cream PlantThe ice cream plant was set up in the same facility as the Dairy Plant. The total manufacturing capability of Sahiwal is 33 acres of free holding l and. This supports contend advantage to the Company in terms of the give of raw material, the utilities, and hands and warehousing. The ice cream plant has total capacity of 22 million liters per annum.Organizational Structure of Engro FoodsPresident/CEOSecretarySecretary wickedness President ManufacturingVice President MarketingManager Public strifeManager Internal AuditSpecial ProjectsVice President HRVice President HRCompensation BenefitsSalesProduction accountingRecruitmentPlanning emergenceMaintenance treasuryTraining teachingTechnical ServicesProcess EngineeringIndustrial Trade slavish/FleetPurchasingAdministration levelheadedBrands of Engro FoodsThe product portfolio of Engro Foods comprises some of the countrys biggest and topper selling brands which includeOlpersOlpers LiteOlfruteOmoreOmungOmung LassiTarang.3.2 nuzzle Pakistan nest is basically a Swiss company and their head office is situated in Vevey, Switzerland. And clutch Pakistan is one of it supplementary company. Since 1988 nestle Pakistan is working with the alliance of Milk Pak Ltd and within short time period Nestle Pakistan took over Milk Pak Ltd. It is also listed in Karachi and Lahore Stock Exchange. Nestle Pakistan is one of the most prominent company which run intos it place among top 25 companies who are registered at Karachi stock transfer for last couple of years.The Headquarter of Nestle is located in Lahore and the Company operates four fabrication facilities. In which the factories located in Sheikhupura and Kabirwala are producing different products nether same umbrella. The other factory is present in Islamabad and one in Karachi produce packed water. Nestle Pakistan now operates the biggest milk collection process in Pakistan. At present, Nestle Pakistan gathers milk from a intercommunicate 190,000 farmers. At present Nestle is market leader in dairy and beverage industry of Pakistan because they are very keenly focusing on Nutrition and health by covering al most at all locations throughout Pakistan to serve the consumers. Nestle Pakistan distinct feature is that they are the leaders in Nutrition.PRODUCTION FACILITIESSheikhupura grinderThe factory located at sheikhpura produces many most popular products s of Nestle Pakistan much(prenominal) asMilkpak UHT milk, Nevistaproducts,Nestle pure water,Cerelac and yogurt. The factory starts operation as part of Milkpak Ltd in 1981. formerly it produced only UHT milk but in 1988 it had expanded to produce butter, cream, ghee and fruit drinks as well. But with the passage of time Nido powder milk also started to produce in this factory.Kabirwala FactoryMilk Pak took over this factory which is located in Khanewal district of the Punjab in 1990. In 1997 Nestle Pakistan got 100% share of that unit.After acquiring it Nestle upgraded its capacity and in 1992 they added Maggi Noodleplant to the factory. Over the years past the Kabirwala factory was constantly enhanced as Everydaytea whitening powder was introduced in 2002 .Islamabad FactoryIn Islamabad Nestle purchased the AVA water plant in year 2001. And in 2003 Nestle fully owned that unit. Gradually Nestle upgraded and introduced machineries to become more economic in production through which they was able to provide differentiated products to their consumer with good packaging.Organizational Structure of Nestle PakistanChief decision makerWater GroupCorporate personal businessHuman Resource turn in ChainMilk Collection Agriculture ServicesNestle Business ExcellenceTechnical OperationsFinance Control UnitMarketing and Sales DivisionNational Sales ManagementLegal AffairsTechnical PurchasingFinancial AccountingCorporate purchaseTreasuryNational BrandManagementBudget ControlInformation schemaTaxationBrands of Nestle PakistanNestle Pakistan has a lot of top most brands of Pakistan which added a lot of value to Nestle Pakistan over a last couple of years likeMilkpakNevistaNidoEverydayMilkpak CreamNestle cast off creamNes tle yogurtNestle fruit vitalsNestle Zeera RaitaActiplus YogurtNestle Rawaiti MazaNestle MiloNestle Nescafe4. FUNCTIONAL comment OF ORGANIZATIONS (BACKWARD INTEGRATION)Nestle Pakistan and Engro Foods are currently doing backward integration to enhance their production efficiency by creating their own dairy farms and taking control of transportation. Currently they are focusing of creating their own farms to get control over their suppliers. twain the companies are also now directly approaching to the farmers and collecting milk form them as the old concept of middle man and gawala system has start perishing. The main advantage of creating own farms is that both the companies get on time delivery of their material, which help them to enhance their production and deliver their product on time to the end consumers. The details of Engro Foods and Nestle Pakistan farms are thrustn below4.1 Engro Foods Dairy levyEngro Food has selected the Nara Canal collectable to the figurehead of its outstanding water, farming land availability and suitable weather for its Dairy do work. The company has launched a comprehensive vaccination programme with the provision of sporting water and balanced nutrition to have infection free, strong and bright zoologys at all times. The Companys Nara Dairy Farm continued to remain a rich and nutritious source of raw material for its dairy section. The Nara Farm formed over 5.8 mn liters of milk in 2011 with a total herd size of over 3,000 animals. But in 2012, Dairy Farm produced 26,979 liters of milk per day. At March 31, 2012 Dairy Farm herd increase to 3,204 animals. Through it the profit after tax stood at Rs. 5 million versus loss of Rs. 19 million in March 2011, primarily due to higher yield and production.4.2 Nestle Dairy FarmsNestle Pakistan manages the project nether its Agricultural Division. Over 75 professionals are currently associated with these services guess to help inincreasing the sustainability of the dairy segme nt in Pakistan. They give the farmers with free technical assistance and veterinary services to build the skills of the farmers in best farming practices and improved livestock management and link them to wee businesses and to the dairy market.For this purpose,Nestle has built two demonstrations and teachingfarms, one of which is still under process. The main training facility is the Sarsabz Demonstration and TrainingFarmwhichis located on Multan Road, near Okara. Thesecond training Sukeki Farm,is under in make process near Lahore. At the farm, there are more than 250 cows, animal huts,milking machinery, a teaching centre, and hostel forthe farmers, management office and demand farm equipment and highly qualified instructorswho train farmers on high quality dairy farming and livestock management. Nestle Pakistan has established this training facility over 103 acres of leased land as an investment for the development ofthe dairy sector and towork towardssustainable farming and an improved rural economy.5. belles-lettres REVIEWThe concept of vertical integration is very old and we precept a lot of academic and legal debates over the costs and benefits of vertical integration. McGee, Bassett and Williamson (1975, 1985, 1989) give tongue to that vertical integration is a mean of reducing proceedings costs, assuring supply, reducing risk and alleviating the efficiency losses.But on the other side, economists see vertical integration as a means for firms to bring down competition or extract market rents (Scherer, Perry 1978, 1989).Perry, Hart and Tirole (1978), said that most discussions have focused on the cause of forward integration into a competitive product market and little work exists on the put togethers of backward integration into a competitive input market. However, Knoeber and Thurman (1996) further said that backward integration is of growing importance in many rustic and natural resource industries.According to Azzam (1996), backward integra tion occurs through acquiring input suppliers, establishing long-term contracts with existing suppliers or investing in new input production capacity through internal company growth. In some businesses, there is growing concern about the effects of such integration on remaining un- combine input suppliers. First he said that backward-integrated dominant firm benefits from production efficiency gains. Second he further adds that backward-integrated dominant firm whitethorn benefit from a lower acquisition price for externally supplied raw inputs.As per Blois (1972), the biggest advantages of backward integration are to lower down transportation and marketing expense, production or operation stability, timely supplier services, high quality control, necessary revisions in production and execution policies, hold uped inventory control, and high profit margin able produces to charge lower prices on finished products.While Williamson (1971) do non consider supply dependability as a ne cessary advantage and point out the interests harmonization and efficient utilization in process of decision making as the core advantages of backward integration. As per Williamson (1971), backward integration allows management to easily harmonized interest as possible differences can be resigned.As per Lambertini and Rossini (2008), backward vertical integration is indirectly proportional to producers and suppliers. As compare to forward vertical integration, backward vertical integration provides large incentives in investment to the manufacturer. The biggest disadvantage of backward integration for trader is that it discourages them for inception, on the other hand forward integration discourages producers to innovate. This theory is not parallel to transaction cost theory which does not consider forward and backward integration as a pause concept.Many questioners like Armour, Teece, Langlois, Robertson, Gopala Krishnan, Bierly (1980, 1989, 1992, 1996, and 2001) have stated t hat vertical integration facilitates the development and implementation of systemic regenerations. Further, Armour and Teece (1980) argue that if the innovation at one stage involves adaptation in a preceding or a consequent stage, then the usual ownership of the various stages i.e. vertical integration enables the necessary adaptations and adjustments to be made in a timely and efficient fashion.Similarly Langlois, Robertson (1989) and Langlois (1992) propose that vertical integration is the most appropriate organisational structure for integrative systemic process innovations because the necessary learning and start out proceed faster amidst functions in a vertically integrated environment. Furthermore, Teece (1996) explains that vertical integration enables the successful development and implementation of systemic innovations by facilitating information flows and coordination and removing institutional barriers such as cost and benefit allocation. Similarly, Gopal krishnan an d Bierly (2001) point out that open exchange of information is easier and safer in house than between different organizations because each firm wants to gain more from the innovation and thence unwilling to share information freely.Teece (1996) however adds that while systemic innovations choose vertically integrated structures from the coordination point of view and some relevant scientific or other capabilities needed in the development and implementation of the innovation may exist outside of the vertically integrated firm. Therefore, larger firms may still have an advantage by using their scale to occasion sufficient momentum and attract smaller firms to get involved with the innovation or simply by be able to secure minority investment positions in smaller firms that have the necessary capabilities needed in the innovation.6. ANAYSIS6.1Swot AnalysisStrengths Of Engro FoodsStrengths of Nestle PakistanBrand AssociationEngro being a far-famed and well established brand in f ertilizers, infrastructure and IT solutions, it creates a great brand association and consumers can relate to Olpers as a high quality and premium product. This is evidence that Engro Food in its first year crossed 1.4 billion sales figure.Financial BackingEngro being famous brand and can attract foreign investors, which enable them to compete with ball-shaped brands like Nestle. They can afford high costs for research and developments for their current products and in introducing new products.Strategic RelationshipEngro has been creating business relationship with farmers who supply milk to them which enables them to secure the supply and to solve shortage issues. Engro also has created long-term business relationship with distributors this help them to ensure smooth distribution through better channels to make sure that there are no shortages for their product.Research and DevelopmentEngro for Olpers precisely has done strong consumer and product research before launching the pr oduct and are continuing this practice status launch. This has helped them to emerge as a strong brand in food industry. To further development and new products, they have engaged various global research partners Mindshare, AC Nielsen, JWT Asiatic and MARS marketing and advertising agency. country of the Art plantsOnly Engro Foods has the 3rd generation UHT milk plant in the country. It is the only plant that uses Bactofuge technology to virtually eliminate bacteria and ensure premium quality and hygiene.Parent CompanyNestle has a global presence and is recognized as a huge name worldwide. Nestle Pakistan has a strong support from its parent company, which is the worlds leading processed food and beverage company.Company ImageNestle has been doing business since many years. It has created an minute image and reputation in consumers mind all around the world. This helps them to take market even in unfavorable conditions.High Quality ProductsNestle always ensure to produce good qua lity products. Nestle being worldwide renowned company creates high quality product to book that image and to attain consumer loyalty. It cannot compromise on quality as consumers at once are more quality conscious.Market ShareNestle has the highest market share almost in every SBUs line, like as in Milk pack Nestle pure life.Brand strengthNestle Pakistan has created some very strong brands like Nescafe, Milpak , Everyday, Nestle water and most of these brands have become generic to their product category. When a brand becomes generic it creates a strong presence in minds of consumer.Research Development aggroupResearch and development is a continuous process at Nestle. It gives updated info on consumer behaviors, changing trends and consumer demands this helps Nestle to adapt to changing trends. weakness of Engro FoodsWeakness of Nestle PakistanPackagingEngro Food is dependent on Tetra Pak for packaging of its intact dairy products. It is the only option for them as Tetra pa ck has monopoly in packaging sector. This cause higher production costs.Distribution costAbout 85% milk collection centers of Engro Foods are located in Punjab, and its processing facility is in Sind. This huge distance increase distribution cost and increasing overall cost of production. Also it increases the chances of milk getting spoiled due to long travelling time.Narrow Product LineSince the launch of its first dairy product, Engro Foods has only extended to very few products, where as its competitors like Nestle has diversified and extensive product lines.Owning Red ColorEngro Food like its competitors has not owned colors that identify its products. Colors trifle products, like green represents Milkpak. There is no color connection devoted to Olpers which creates problems for consumers in remembering the product.Less ProactiveNestle being a huge company is very less proactive to the demands. Unless competitors initiate a campaign or come up with new strategy, Nestle does n ot bring changes.Limited Distribution ChannelA major weakness of Nestle is their limited distribution channel as compared to their competitors. Nestle contend their products to whole sellers in their own factory vehicles.Stock outsDue to their in-efficient distribution channels, Nestle has experienced stock outs on regular basis. This had adverse effect on companys image and consumer base. It also gives chance for competitor to penetrate into market and capture large market share.Premium BrandCommon men generally perceive Nestle as a premium brand, and have perception that all Nestle products would be highly expensive.Opportunities for Engro FoodOpportunities for Nestle PakistanGovernment FundingGovernment has provided increased funds to farmers. This has allowed farmers to invest in better storage facilities to save milk for longer period of time and to cope bad weather conditions.AwarenessExtensive awareness programs for health and hygiene has created awareness among consumers f or the benefits of processed milk. More and more consumers are devious from loose milk to processed milk. This will create higher demands and employment of processed milk. This is a great probability for growth and to gain more market.Fifth Largest producer of milkPakistan is the 5th largest milk production country in the world, the country is blessed four seasons and high quality crop, good species of buffaloes and cows and largest canal system. However it is only obtaining 2500ltr of milk per annum from an animal in comparison with 18000ltr per animal in developed countries. This is a good opportunity to increase production significantly by adopting best practices and modern techniques. obligate from Foreign InvestorsGovernment is supporting overseas outlay in Pakistan which is a great opportunity for Nestle to expand its business in Pakistan and to run large markets.Enhance Distribution ChannelNestle should work on its distribution channel to make it efficient in order to mai ntain supply of their products. This will not allow consumer to shift to competitors brand in case of stock outs.Changing accessible TrendConsumers, especially junior generation are hugely influenced by western societies. This has changed the trends for packed pose to use products. This changing social trend has created large demand and opportunity to increase market share.Best Practices and AssistanceNestle should invest in educating the farmers for best practices and providing them resources and assistance to create greater value and to ensure high capitalization and quality.Threats for Engro FoodThreats for Nestle PakistanCompetitionEngro foods biggest competitors like Nestle has been in market since very long. For its brands it might be difficult to penetrate in the market where these brands have created loyalties and presence in mind of consumers.Perceptions and Price DifferentialsConsumer preferences and perceptions plays very important role in success of a brand. It is ver y important for Engro to understand and come up with ways to meet consumer expectations and provide quality that a brand promises. Price factor is also a very important factor, as still consumers prefer loose milk as it is cheaper than processed milk.EconomyHigher inflation rates is eroding get power of consumers, making products more expensive to use.No Entry hindranceIndustry is growing at rapid rate,very low entry barriers making it attractive for new competitors.DependencyNestle is dependent on whole sellers and super market shelves which can be influenced by the competitors. waiver of Market ShareWhen the market drenches the loss of the market share of Nestle products is the major threat to them.Differentiated productsConsumers are indifferent to buying Engro products or Nestle. It is a threat to Nestle that consumers can easily shift to Engro products in case of any unfavorable condition.6.2 Pest AnalysisPEST analytic thinking is used to determine and understand external fa ctors such as Political, Economical, Social and technological, and their effect on business. For understanding Nestle and Engro foods position in market, we will carry out PEST analysis to understand the external forces.6.2.1 Political, Legal Economic FactorsPakistan current fiscal year inflation rate has been grown to 7.7% which decreases the purchasing power of consumers as a whole and which also create higher impact on those products which transform from another products like packed milk powder milk because these is