Relationship Between Mind And Body

Relationship Between Mind And Body The relationship between the mind and body has been a preoccupation among philosophers since the Greek antiquity, with famous writers such as 5th Century philosopher Plato, and his student Aristotle. Ideas concerning the mind and body originate as far back as Platos and Aristotles time, whereby they questioned whether or not intelligence is connected with the body. In the 16th Century, Michel de Montaigne treated the same question again, and it was then continued in the 17th Century but by Renà © Descartes and Blaise Pascal. Their point of view is diverse and the conclusion that they reach upon at times is somewhat in a way satisfying to each other or plain rejects. Before embarking on the essay, a brief explanation on their works will be examined. Michel de Montaigne was one of the most influential yet sceptical writers of the 16th Century, especially with his Essais being a compilation of various short topics describing man and human nature. His essays had direct influence on other classical thinkers such as Renà © Descartes and Blaise Pascal. Blaise Pascal was not only an influential French philosopher, but he was also a French mathematician and physicist. His unfinished most famous work in philosophy, Pensà ©es, is a series of philosophical sections and essays, whereby Pascal identifies and explores the contradictions of human nature with regards to psychology and sociology. Pascal used his personal thoughts and opinions concerning human suffering and religious beliefs to write this philosophy towards the close of his life. French philosopher, but also a mathematician and scientist Renà © Descartes, had published two well known philosophical works in history called Discours de la Mà ©thode and Mà ©ditations Mà ©taphysiques. Descartes main goal was to present us with a series of thoughts that he took into consideration, in order to shed light on his views on God and the existence. Rà ©ne Descartes was, by nature a dualist. In fact, he created the notion of Cartesian dualism and was the first person to clearly classify the mind with consciousness and to differentiate this from the brain, which held intelligence. Cartesian dualism viewed that ones intelligence cannot be touched and is non-physical. He was the first to create the mind and body problem, an issue which tried to question how the mind and body can interact, especially if the mind is based solely on thought and the body is purely an addition. This was the basic breadth of the mind-body debate which began during the times of Plato and Aristotle and extended long past Descartess death. Aristotle believed mind was connected to the soul. The mind is the soulss object, which becomes active only when it thinks. The soul, which is also known as the intellect, does not work unless it is thinking. Therefore, it is unlikely that it would be mixed with the body. Aristotle was therefore a thinker who was more concerned with the metaphysical concepts. Platos thought was more based on concrete principles of the natural world. While Aristotle described the levels of reality, Plato focused on subjects such as how one could be of a righteous character, and therefore a better person within themselves. Cartesian dualism permits both these theories to work together in order to be recognised as one. Descartes, like Montaigne and Pascal to some extent, were philosophers who all had different ways of going about their works. Descartes used more indirect means of philosophising. Meanwhile, Pascal would have been purposely direct and informative, as a mathematician who drew on his knowledge of the sciences in order to develop his conclusions. On the other hand, Montaigne studied himself with subjects such as religion, philosophy, humanism as he believed this was crucial in order to describe human nature. These three Frenchmen contrasted with their views regarding the mind and the body. While Descartes thought that the mind was separate from the body, Montaigne along with Pascal definitely would have argued that the mind was part of the physical body. Obviously, there are good arguments for and against these two very different views, which will be explained. Montaigne preferred to make his opinions clear by providing facts in order to attempt to uncover the truth, providing the readers a chance to analyse his thoughts personally. His aim was to describe man and human nature by using memory as a description to address his topic. This is what he did to highlight his view on the mind and body. He argued that the development of the mind is connected to the body and expressed how he believed the imagination is the drive for the downfall of the body. His philosophy regarding these two substances is one of which explains his view that a healthy mind comes from the studies of other great writers. Lame que loge la philosophie doit, par sa santà ©, render sain encores le corps. (Montaigne: 208: 1969) He argues that anyone who is taught by the philosophy of past great writers will have the perfect body, as he believes thinking for oneself is truly unhealthy for the body and mind. Therefore, according to him there is only one type of education whic h should be used, based purely on thoughts of the past to achieve both a healthy body and mind. In order to transform a child to becoming a well formed healthy man, there should be a connection between the mind and body. Throughout De Linstitution des enfants Montaigne proves his opinions for training both body and mind and therefore the tutor is responsible for this training as ce nest pas assez de luy roidir lame; il luy faut ausi roidir les muscles. (Montaigne: 201: 1969) When training the body, two advantages appear. Firstly, the mind is able to relax and secondly the body is able to build itself for the prevention of illnesses. Therefore, the mind cannot work unless the body has been trained. Furthermore, tout lieu retirà © requiert un proumenoir. Mes pensees dorment, si je les assis. Mon esprit ne va pas seul, comme si les jambes lagitent. Ceux qui estudient sans livre, en sont tous là  . (Montaigne: 76: 1993) Even though he was distracted by his books, he persists that one cannot achieve the pleasure of reading unless our mind and body are exercised in the correct manner. There is a healthy regime of the mind no less than of the body, and in fact the two are inseparable. An inquiring mind will be just as active as a healthy body in the pursuit of its interests. (ONeill: 101:2001) According to Montaigne, it is common for one to believe that the mind operates in a different manner to the body. But, even the active life of the body is inseparable from intelligence which itself is not exercised simply by closing ones eyes. (ONeill: 101: 2001) Thus, one should not separate these two elements. We can understand that Montaigne fully believes in this connection. Descartes was able to make complex philosophical concepts simple by breaking them down into manageable pieces. This is what he tried to do with the mind and body problem in order to insist that they are two unique substances, with the mind being regarded as a non-physical element, without connecting to the body. He therefore believed that he could live without the mind. Secondly, that the mind and the body may be dissimilar but they do interact. Nevertheless, he understands that this relationship is not ideal in that doà ¹ il est entià ¨rement manifeste que, nonobstant la souveraine bontà © de Dieu, la nature de lhomme, en tant quil est composà © de lesprit et du corps, ne peut quelle ne soit quelquefois fautive et trompeuse. (Descartes: 89:1992) The mind and body are surely two separate things in some senses of the word, but Descartes could have seamlessly made these two entities dualist aspects that can and must be separated. This is because intelligence comes from a place which cannot be defined. One cannot control the human mind and simply confine it to the body, because intelligence is completely separate from ones physical capabilities. For example, if one were to be paralysed from the neck down, Descartes would argue that the mind would still be unharmed. Similarly, someone could be unconscious but their brainwaves could still be functioning well. Since he believed in the power of the mind and intelligence, he was a deep thinker. Descartes argues, quil y a une grande diffà ©rence entre lesprit et le corps, en ce que le corps, de sa nature, est toujours divisible, et que lesprit est entià ¨rement indivisibleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. je considà ¨re mon esprit, cest-à  -dire moi-mà ªme en tant que je suis seulement une chose qui pense, je ny puis distinguer aucunes parties, mais je me conà §ois comme une chose seule et entià ¨reà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.lesprit semble à ªtre uni à   tout le corps, toutefois un piedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ou quelque autre partie à ©tant sà ©parà ©e de mon corps, il est certain que pour cela il ny aura rien de retranchà © de mon esprit. (Descartes: 86: 1992) Descartes disputes that the mind and body are separable, and argues that the mind is different to the body and therefore one can exist without the use of the other. Furthermore, to clarify this argument, Descartes gives an explanation of the body. If man loses a limb or part of their body, they have not lost the mind. According to Descartes , the mind is the core element that makes him aware that he exists. His well known philosophical quotation je pense donc je suis (Descartes: 110: 2000) is connected to this theory of dualism as it forms the basis of it. According to him, we exist due to the fact that we think. He realises that he has a working mind, without being entirely sure that he has a body. The combination of mind and body presents Descartes views of a genuine human being (Cottingham: 7:1999). He realised that a problem could not simply be analysed on the common sense level. Moreover, his statement cest-a-dire lame par laquelle je suis ce que je suis, est entierement distincte du corps, (Descartes : 111 :2000) can assert that the soul is the fundamental self, in contrast to the Thomist thesis that a human being is essentially a composite of body and soul. (Moriarty : 142: 2003) It is possible for one to doubt everything from God to ones body, but it is not possible for one to deny the fact that there is a consciousness, which led him to this famous motto. He realised doubting t he truth would be the only manner in which he would find out what was essentially true regarding the mind and body. However, he managed to put this aside and found one true belief, cogito ergo sum. (Descartes: 110:2000. His belief in God is strong, as he believes God is all-powerful. This enables him to believe that anything he wishes to visualise is without a doubt possible. If he can prove Gods existence, then he will be able to confirm other truths in life. Since the mind and body can be considered clearly as separate, it means that it is possible for God to make it happen. Descartes is not exactly clear on the connection between mind and body, but we can deduce from his work that he did not think they were related. Even though this was the case, he still discusses at some length the nature of the union of the human mind with its body. (Wilson: 177: 1982) Most likely, Descartes would take a roundabout way at arriving at his conclusions. First, he would take an abstract concept, by using the mind and intelligence as a kind of springboard for talking about other subjects more liberally. Then, he would continue to use evidence to back up his theoretical reasoning, probably using more abstractions to support his theoretical concept. Finally, he would wrap up in summation by using some concrete examples of what he was talking about in abstract terms. He believed in what he thought made him who he was. Un autre est de penser; et je trouve ici que la pensà ©e est un attribut qui mappartient : elle seule ne peut à ªtre dà ©tachà ©e de moi. (Descartes : 2000 : 25) not so with Pascal, who could clearly distinguish between the thought processes and separate that out from himself. Pascal, who preferred making explanations about various aspects of reality difficult and layered it with complicated aspects of knowledge argued against the dualist, and easily made the reverse of the mind and body argument. According to him, doubt could only lead to more doubt. He believed that one could not explain ones existence through reasoning and that man is mostly guided by beliefs and feelings. Therefore, the only solution and help is faith. One can only gain certain knowledge through obedience to God. He also confirmed that one may not be able to use his mind due to a certain reason, but yet his body would be kept physically alive. Je puis bien concevoir un homme sans mains, pieds, tete, car ce nest que lexperience qui nous apprend que la tete est plus necessaire que les pieds. Mais je ne puis concevoir lhomme sans pensee. Ce serait une pierre ou une brute. (Pascal: 107:2000) Therefore, it would seem that the mind and body definitely would be connected. Pascal also believe d in the power of the mind, but his focus was more on the physical and the reality of the body. The body is a concrete substance, and empirical in the sense that its functions can be measured and regulated. In his implications, he will find religious yet ethnical views to explain the mind and body problem. For instance he quotes toute notre dignite consiste donc en la pensee. Cest de là   quil faut nous relever, et non de lespace et de la duree, que nous ne saurions remplir. Travaillons donc a bien penser. Voila le principe de la morale. (Pascal: 171: 2000) It is possible to note his stress on morality here as he wants to acknowledge the suffering of human existence that could be found from these two non-connecting substances. Pascal would have been much more of a mathematical thinker. He thought in a linear fashion, and his arguments were in relation to geometry theorems. First, Pascal would begin with one argument and then logically make sure the other arguments followed in a linear sequence. For example, he would take one statement which would be his main idea. Next, Pascal would most likely support this idea with relevant evidence and facts. He would clearly and succinctly make his case as for why the mind and the body were one and the same element. Pascal was primarily concerned with the differences between the intuitive mind and the mathematical mind. In some ways, this would have been the difference between Descartes, Pascal and Montaigne. The mind and the body are surely two separate things in some senses of the word, but Descartes could have seamlessly made these two entities dualist aspects that can and must be separated. Pascal and Montaigne would have no doubt argued in the contra, that the mind and body are ultimately one and the same. However, any philosopher would see that all three philosophers would have had equally valid arguments in trying to convince people of their view. Each philosopher had very valid points about their own positions that would lend relevance to each of their particular theories. Pascal saw himself as a defender of Christianity, whilst Descartes knew himself as purely a philosopher. Without question, Pascal did take into consideration Descartes belief on the mind and body, but he did not believe that Cartesian Dualism was between the soul and the body, but instead between the infinity of God and sin of men. Montaigne accepted that the mind and body were connected, but should be used in the correct manner in order to work efficiently. Yet, all three thinkers share opinions regarding the creation of human and with this we can discover how they both have certain views in common. They both consider human beings as having a body, mind and thought, and because of this, Pascal regard man as un Roseau pensant. (Pascal: 171: 2000) They also realise that the mind and consciousness can encompass the body. These philosophers were all thinkers who looked at the world from their own perspectives and tried to make sense of their worlds. They tried using reason in order to make deductions and educated guesses, making sure to try their hardest to come to logical conclusions. As we can see, the relationship between the mind and body as conceived by all three philosophers vary. Both Montaigne and Pascal believe in the connection of the mind and the body, but Descartes does not. Pascal was hugely influenced by Montaignes writings and this could be the reason why they shared more of the same thoughts. Descartes was also influenced by the works of Montaigne, but had more of an influence from Aristotle and Plato. Both Montaigne and Pascal were sceptics and therefore questioned and rejected ideas of their times, which resulted in doubt. But whilst Montaigne did not find this a problem, Pascal did as he was over whelmed with religious doubts. Alternatively, Montaigne and Descartes differed because Descartes strongly agreed with the dualist view that the mind and body are independent substances. But, all three philosophers argued in favour of Gods existence. For Montaigne, he argued religion and human values through sceptic philosophy and doubt, Descartes through doubt and Pascal through faith. Descartes chose to understand that the mind must be separate from the body and therefore, intelligence was a nonphysical entity. Pascal and Montaigne thought intelligence and the mind were part of the body and also the same. In that sense, all three men were classically trained philosophical thinkers who followed in the footsteps of their predecessors by rationally deducing logical and well-thought-out arguments. Each of these men should be revered for their great contributions to society. 2990 words

Themes Of Betrayal In James Jo Essay -- essays research papers fc

Origins of the Theme of Betrayal in James Joyce's Dubliners Throughout his early years, certain people and events heightened Joyce's awareness of the hopelessly corrupt environment of Ireland that had betrayed so many of its own. The more profound of these enlightening inspirations were the betrayal and downfall of Charles Stewart Parnell, the indifference of Henrik Ibsen towards literary protests, the neglected native artistry of James Clarence Mangan, and Joyce's own role as Prefect. These occurrences provoked Joyce's bitter resentment towards Ireland, initiating the gradual alienation towards his church and homeland. The issue of betrayal is prevalent throughout Dubliners, for Joyce imagined it, hated it, and feared it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  James Joyce was born into a country dominated by England, and the cause of Irish freedom captured his imagination at an early age. The spokesman for this cause was Charles Stewart Parnell, who became a heroic figure to Joyce. It was the early period of Joyce's life that saw Parnell greatest influence and tragic betrayal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By 1889 the attempt to implicate Parnell in the Phoenix Park murders of 1882 had failed, but in the same year he was accused of adultery in the divorce suit of captain O' Shea. At first it appeared that Parnell might weather this scandal, but a coalition of political enemies and devout Catholics ousted him from leadership of the Irish Parliamentary Party, and the rural population of Ireland turned against their leader with savage hatred. Even Parnell's Lieutenant Tim Healy, who had vowed never to betray his leader, finally turned against Parnell. After a year of campaigning against his enemies, Parnell died on October 6th, 1891—this day marks the beginning of James Joyce's resentful feelings towards Ireland, which were eventually revealed in Dubliners.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Parnell's body was brought to Dublin for burial, thousands were waiting for a glimpse of the coffin. Among the spectators was St. John Irvine, who mournfully recalled: It was taken from a deal case—'which was thrown aside, but, as it fell, crowds seized it and tore it into fragments that they might have even that as a relic of him'—and carried to City Hall. It lay there under O'Connell's statue through a wet and stormy morning and noon, while t... ...s Clarence Mangan evoked in Joyce the fear of restriction and limitation, leading to his departure from Ireland. From Henrik Ibsen, Joyce learned to ignore protest and controversy, heightening his bitter resentment towards Ireland after nine years of frustration in finding a publisher for Dubliners. And it was Joyce's failed role as Prefect of the Sodality that led to his abandonment of Irish Catholicism. His early life proved to Joyce that Ireland was corrupt, both morally and spiritually. Therefore, Joyce's alienation from, and resentment toward, Ireland were inevitable, as was the theme of betrayal in Dubliners. Works Cited 1) Goldberg, S.L. James Joyce. New York: Grove Press, 1962. 2) Kershner. R.B. Joyce, Bakhtin, and Popular Literature: Chronicles of Disorder. North Carolina: North Carolina U.P., 1989 3) Mangalaner, Marvin, and Richard Kain. Joyce: The Man, the Work, the Reputation. New York: New York U.P., 1956. 4) Sullivan, Kevin. Joyce among the Jesuits. New York: Columbia U.P., 1958. 5) Ellman, Richard. The Conscience of Joyce. Toronto and New York: Oxford U.P., 1977. 6) Garrett, Peter K. Twentieth Century Interpretations of Dubliners. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1968.

Chaucers Canterbury Tales Essay - The Powerful Wife of Bath

The Powerful Wife of Bath   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Geoffrey Chacer's The Canterbury Tales we are introduced to 29 people who are going on a pilgrimage to St. Thomas a Becket in Canterbury. Each person is represented to fit a unique type of behavior as shown by people during the medieval ages.   My attention was drawn to the Wife of Bath through which Chaucer notes the gender inequalities.   Predominantly, women could either choose to marry and become a childbearing wife or go into a religious order.   Women were seen as property.   Women during this period of time, had limited choices when it came to societal roles.   The Wife of Bath exonerates the accepted roles of society, reflecting women's attempt to gain control during the medieval period.      Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The General Prologue presents an interesting description of The Wife of Bath.   Her character is noted to be strong and bold and we learn she is slightly deaf.   The Wife of Bath was married and widowed five times and has had numerous companions.   The Wife of Bath is a skilled cloth maker and a devoted Christian pilgrim who has made trips to several shrines.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Through her unique introduction in The General Prologue we learn much of her physical attributes.   The Wife of Bath is gapped tooth.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Gat-toothed was she, soothly for to saye.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Upon an amblere esily she sat" (p.91, ll. 470-471)    This physical feature is attributed to lust and passion.   The fact that she could ride a horse easily also could take on sexual connotations (Maclaine 32).   The horse she "rides" so well could actually be her husband.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Early in the Wife of Bath ... ... of Bath is unique in her style of thinking, which is what makes this character so interesting to study.    Works Cited and Consulted Bowden, Muriel.   A Reader's Guide to Geoffrey Chaucer.   New York:   Noonday Press, 1964. Hallissy, Margaret.   A Companion to Chaucer's Canterbury Tales.   London:   Greenwood Press, 1995. Herman, John P. and John J. Burke, Jr., ed.   Signs and Symbols in Chaucer's Poetry.   University, Alabama:   University of Alabama Press, 1981. Lambdin, Laura C. and Robert T. Lambdin, ed.   Chaucer's Pilgrims:   An Historical Guide to the Pilgrims in the Canterbury Tales.   London:   Greenwood Press, 1996.   Nardo, Don, ed.   Readings on the Canterbury Tales.   San Diego:   Greenhaven Press, 1997. Plummer, John F.   "The Wife of Bath's Hat as a Sexual Metaphor."   English Language Notes, 18 (1980-1981).      

Indicate a Person who has had a Significant Influence on you, and Describe that Influence

Cholera is an infectious disease that causes severe watery diarrhea, which can lead to dehydration and even death if untreated. It is caused by eating food or drinking water contaminated with a bacterium called Vibrio cholerae. Cholera was prevalent in the U.S. in the 1800s before modern water and sewage treatment systems eliminated its spread by contaminated water. Only about 10 cases of cholera are reported each year in the U.S. and half of these are acquired abroad. Rarely, contaminated seafood has caused cholera outbreaks in the U.S.However, cholera outbreaks are still a serious problem in other parts of the world, where cholera affects an estimated 3 to 5 million people and causes more than 100,000 deaths each year. The disease is most common in places with poor sanitation, crowding, war, and famine. Common locations include parts of Africa, south Asia, and Latin America. If you are traveling to one of those areas, knowing the following cholera facts can help protect you and you r family.Cholera CausesVibrio cholerae, the bacterium that causes cholera, is usually found in food or water contaminated by feces from a person with the infection. Common sources include:Municipal water supplies Ice made from municipal water Foods and drinks sold by street vendors Vegetables grown with water containing human wastesRaw or undercooked fish and seafood caught in waters polluted with sewage When a person consumes the contaminated food or water, the bacteria release a toxin in the intestines that produces severe diarrhea. It is not likely you will catch cholera just from casual contact with an infected person.Cholera SymptomsSymptoms of cholera can begin as soon as a few hours or as long as five days after infection. Often symptoms are mild. But sometimes they are very serious. About one in 20 people infected have severe watery diarrhea accompanied by vomiting, which can quickly lead to dehydration. Although many infected people may have minimal or no symptoms, they can still contribute to spread of the infection. Signs and symptoms of dehydration include:Rapid heart rateLoss of skin elasticity (the ability to return to original position quickly if pinched) Dry mucous membranes, including the inside of the mouth, throat, nose, and eyelidsLow blood pressure Thirst Muscle cramps If not treated, dehydration can lead to shock and death in a matter of hours.Yellow fever is caused by a virus. The yellow fever virus is a single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the Flavivirus genus. After transmission of the virus occurs, it replicates in regional lymph nodes and subsequently spreads via the bloodstream. This widespread dissemination can affect the bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, kidneys, and liver, in addition to other organs. Tissue damage to the liver, for example, can lead to jaundice and disrupt the body's blood-clotting mechanism, leading to the hemorrhagic complications sometimes seen with yellow fever. Yellow fever is transmitted to humans by the bite of infected mosquitoes.Various species of Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitoes serve as vectors and are responsible for the transmission to human and nonhuman primates, which serve as reservoirs for the disease. Three transmission cycles for yellow fever have been identified. Sylvatic (jungle) cycle: In tropical rain forests, infected monkeys pass the virus to mosquitoes that feed on them. These infected mosquitoes then bite humans who enter the rain forest for occupational (for example, loggers) or recreational activities. Intermediate (savannah) cycle: In humid or semi-humid regions of Africa, mosquitoes that breed around households and in the wild (semi-domestic mosquitoes) infect both humans and monkeys.The virus can be transmitted from monkeys to humans, or from human to human by the mosquitoes. This is the most common type of outbreak in Africa. Urban cycle: When infected humans introduce the virus into urban areas with large numbers of unvaccinated individuals, infected m osquitoes (Aedes aegypti) transmit the disease from human to human. This form of transmission can lead to large epidemics.

Adrenalin Rush

The world was getting too crowded and so, Zues, created a war and that was the Trojan war†¦ Farwell between Hector and Andromache Iliad book VI Hector: (went in the house looking for Andromache) Andromache†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (He looked everywhere but she’s not there) Be so good to tell me where your mistress has gone. To one of my sisters or to Athena’s temple where the women are making supplication? Housekeeper: No, sir, not to any of the family, nor to Athena’s where the women are all gone to offer their supplication. Housekeeper2: to tell the truth, sir. She has gone up on the walls, because she heard that our people were in danger and the enemy was getting the best of it. She just gone off in a great hurry like one distracted, with the nurse carrying the boy. (Hector went back by same way along the streets till he reached Scaian gates. ) (Andromache saw him and run towards him. The nurse followed her carrying the child. ) Andromache: My dearest, how can you do it? Your courage will be your death! Have you no pity for your baby, or your unhappy wife, who will soon be your widow! Soon the enemies will rush upon you and kill you! And I, if I lose you, it would be better for me to go down into my grave. There will be no comfort for me if you are killed, but only sorrow. (Hector put his arms on her shoulder) Hector: I won’t be killed promise. (Smiled) Andromache: I have no father and no mother now. My father was slain by Achilles; he lay waste my home. Thebe, with its lofty towers; he killed Eetion, my father. My seven brothers all went down to Hades in one day for that terrible Achilles killed them all amid their cattle and sheep. My mother, who was queen in that place, was brought away a prisoner. Cries) So you are my father and my mother, Hector; you are my brother; you are my loving husband! Then pity me and stay here behind the walls; do not make your boy an orphan and your wife a widow! But post your men by the fig tree, where the wall may be scaled most. Hector: I have not forgotten all that, my wife, but I could not show my face before the men or the women of Troy if I sulked like a coward out of the way. And I will not do it, for I have learned how to bear myself bravely in front of the battle and to win credit for my father and for myself. One thing I know indeed in my heart and soul-a day shall come when scared Troy shall perish, and Priam and the people of Priam; but my sorrow is not so much for what will happen to the people, or to my mother, or King Priam, or my brothers, when all those good and true men shall fall in the dust before the enemies-but for you, when armed men shall drive you away weeping and take from you the day of freedom. To think that you should live in a foreign land, ply the loom at the orders of another woman; that should carry water from strange fountains, crushed under stern necessity-a hateful task! That someone should see you shedding tears, and say ‘there is Hector’s wife, and he was the first and best brave Trojans when there was a war about Troy’-and he will make your pain ever fresh, while there is no such man to save you from the day of slavery. May I be dead and buried deep in the earth before I hear your cries and see you dragged away! (Hector tries to held hands to his son, but the child was afraid of him for he was wearing his armour. ) (Hector took off his helmet, grabs his son and raised him) Hector: o Zeus and all ye heavenly gods! Grant this, my son, may be as notable among our people as I am, and let him be as strong, and let him rule Troy in his strength! When he goes to war, let them say ‘This man is much better than his father! ’ May he kill his enemy and bring home the bloodstained spoils and give joy to his mother’s heart. (Hector kissed the forehead of his wife) *THE clashing!!!!! * Achilles: (shouting) Hector!!!!!!†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Hector!!!!†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Get out there!!!! Let’s fight!!!! (at the walls) Hector: my love, farewell. Don’t cry for I will be back bringing Achilles’ head to you. I should be going now†¦ Achilles!!!!! What air brought you here all alone! Are you out of your mind? Achilles: How dare you kill my friend Patroclos†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ you must DIE!!!!!! AHHHHHHHHH†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (they fought fiercely until only one man remained standing. ) Achilles: you people of Troy is no match to me!!!! (He tied a rope to Hector’s body and trolled it around the grounds of their battle field. ) (at the tower in Troy) Priam: How cruel are you! How can you do that to my son†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (cries) Queen: (holding the arm of his husband. Crying) oh.. my son†¦. Priam: (put his arms around the queen) Andromache: Hector!!!!!!!!!!! (Cried so hard) (Achilles brought Hector’s body to their camp) *Ransom of Hectors body* (Priam went to Achilles tent) (Automedon and Alcimos had just finished eating) Priam: Remember your own father, most noble Prince Achilles, an old man like me near the end of his days. It may be that he is distressed by those who lived around him, and there is no one to defend him from peril and death. But he indeed, so long as he hears that you still, is glad at heart and hopes every day that he will see his well-loved son return home from Troy. But I am all unhappy since I had the best sons in the broad land Troy and not one of them is left. All have fallen in the battle; and the only one who by himself was our safeguard-the one you have killed. I come now to your camp to redeem him from you, and I bring a rich ransom. O Achilles, fear God and pity me, remembering your own father but I am more pitied. I have endured to do what no other man in the world has ever done-to kiss the hand of the man who slew my sons. Achilles: ah! Poor man indeed your heart has borne many sorrows! How could you come to Achaian camp alone? How could you bear to look at the man who killed your noble sons, as I have done? Your heart must be made of steel. Come now, sit down upon a seat. We will let our sorrows lie deep in our hearts awhile, for there is no profit in freezing lamination. This is the way of the gods have spun their threads for poor mortals! Our life is all sorrow, but they are untroubled themselves. Priam: tell me not yet to be seated, gracious prince, while Hector lies here uncared for. I pray you set him free quickly, that I may look upon him; and accept the ransom that we bring, a great treasure. May you live to enjoy it and return to your own country, since you have spared me first? Achilles: i mean myself to set your Hector free. Zeus sent me a message by my mother, the daughter of the old man of the sea. And I understand quite well, sir that some god brought you into our camp. For no mere man would dare among us, let him be ever so young and strong. He could not escape the guards, and he could not easily lift the bolt of our doors. (Achilles returned the body of hector) Achilles: your son, sir has been set free as you asked, and he lies on his bier. At break of day you shall see him yourself, on your journey, but now let us think of supper. Venerable prince, let us two also think of something to eat. After that, you may weep for your son again when you have brought him back to Troy. Many tears he will cost you! (After eating, they look at each other admiring each one) (Priam brought Hector’s body back to Troy. And Cassandra was the first one to see them coming) Cassandra: (shouting) come, all you men and women of Troy! You shall see Hector. Come if ever you were glad while he lived to welcome his return from battle, for he was a great gladness to the city and all the nation. (Hector’s wife and his mother came running towards the wagon. ) Priam: let the mules pass. When I have brought him into our house you will have plenty of time to lament. Andromache: my husband, you perished out of life, still young, and left me a widow in the house! (Cries) the boy is only a baby, your son and my son, doomed father, doomed mother! And he think will never grow up to manhood; long before, our city will be utterly laid waste. For you have perished, you our watchman, you our only savoir, who kept safe our wives and little children! They will soon be carried off in ships, and I with them. And you, my child-you will go with me where degrading tasks will be found for you to do, driven by a merciless master; or some enemy will catch you by the arm, and throw you over the wall of painful death, in revenge perhaps for some brother that Hector killed, or father, or son maybe, since many man bit the dust under the hands of Hector. You father was not gentle in the field of battle! Hector!!!!! But for me most of all, cruel sorrow is my lot. For you did not stretch out to me your dying hands from your deathbed. You said no precious word to me, which I might always remember night and day with tears! Queen: Hector, best beloved of all my children, dearest to my heart! Living, the gods loved you well; therefore, they have cared for you even when death is your lot. Other sons of mine Achilles took, and he would sell them over the barren sea, one to Samos, one to Imbros, or to steaming Lamnos; but you-when he had torn out your soul ith his sharp blade, he dragged you again and again around the grave of his comrade you slew. But that did not bring him back from the grave! And now you lie in my house fresh as the morning dew, like one that Apollo has visited and slain with his gentle shafts! Helen: Hector, best beloved of all my good brothers, and dearest to my heart! Indeed my husband is Prince Alexandros, who brought me to Troy-but would that I had died first! Twenty years have passed since I left my country and came here, but I never heard from you one unkind or slighting word. If anyone else reproached me, a sister or brother of yours, or a brother’s wife, or your mother- for your father was always as kind as if he were mine-you would reprove them; you would check them with your gentle spirit and gentle words. Therefore I weep for you and with you for my unhappy self. For there is no else in the length and bread of Troy who is kind or friendly; they shall shudder at me. Priam: now, Trojans, fetch wood into the city, and have no fear of any ambush of our enemies. For Achilles in parting from me promised that he would do us no harm until the twelfth day shall dawn. (Funeral service)

Monitoring and Detecting Abnormal Behavior in Mobile Cloud

Monitoring and Detecting Abnormal Behavior in Mobile Cloud Infrastructure ABSTRACT Recently, several mobile services are changing to cloud-based mobile services with richer communications and higher flexibility. We present a new mobile cloud infrastructure that combines mobile devices and cloud services. This new infrastructure provides virtual mobile instances through cloud computing. To commercialize new services with this infrastructure, service providers should be aware of security issues.Here, we first define new mobile cloud services through mobile cloud infrastructure and discuss possible security threats through the use of several service scenarios. Then, we propose a methodology and architecture for detecting abnormal behavior through the monitoring of both host and network data. To validate our methodology, we injected malicious programs into our mobile cloud test bed and used a machine learning algorithm to detect the abnormal behavior that arose from these programs. Exist ing SystemOn such normal mobile devices, most current vaccine applications detect malware through a signature-based method. Signature-based methods can detect malware in a short space of time with high accuracy, but they cannot detect new malware whose signature is unknown or has been modified. If mobile cloud services are provided, much more malicious applications may appear including new and modified malware. Therefore vaccine applications cannot detect and prohibit them with only signature-based method in the future.Moreover, mobile cloud infrastructure supports a huge number of virtual mobile instances. When a malware is compromised on a virtual mobile instance, it can be delivered to other virtual mobile instances in the same mobile cloud infrastructure. Without monitoring the network behavior in mobile cloud infrastructure, the malware will spread over the entire infrastructure. Algorithm: Random Forest Machine machine learning algorithm. Architecture: [pic] Proposed System He re We focuses on the abnormal behavior detection in mobile cloud infrastructure.Although signature-based vaccine applications can target on virtual mobile instances to detect malware, it makes additional overhead on instances, and it is difficult for users to install vaccine software by force when those instances are provided as a service. Behavior-based abnormal detection can address those problems by observing activities in the cloud infrastructure. To achieve this, we design a monitoring architecture using both the host and network data. Using monitored data, abnormal behavior is detected by applying a machine learning algorithm.To validate our methodology, we built a test bed for mobile cloud infrastructure, intentionally installed malicious mobile programs onto several virtual mobile instances, and then successfully detected the abnormal behavior that arose from those malicious programs. Implementation Implementation is the stage of the project when the theoretical design is tu rned out into a working system. Thus it can be considered to be the most critical stage in achieving a successful new system and in giving the user, confidence that the new system will work and be effective.The implementation stage involves careful planning, investigation of the existing system and it’s constraints on implementation, designing of methods to achieve changeover and evaluation of changeover methods. Main Modules:- 1. USER MODULE : In this module, Users are having authentication and security to access the detail which is presented in the ontology system. Before accessing or searching the details user should have the account in that otherwise they should register first. 2. MOBILE CLOUD SERVICE :Here new mobile cloud service through the virtualization of mobile devices in cloud infrastructure. We describe two main service scenarios to explain how this mobile cloud service can be used. Service scenarios are useful to discuss security threats on mobile cloud infrastr ucture, because they include users, places, mobile devices, and network types, and user’s interesting contents. We define mobile cloud computing as processing jobs for mobile devices in cloud computing infrastructure and delivering job results to mobile devices. e propose a new mobile cloud service as providing virtual mobile instances through mobile cloud computing. The proposed mobile cloud service provides virtual mobile instances through the combination of a mobile environment and cloud computing. Virtual mobile instances are available on mobile devices by accessing the mobile cloud infrastructure. This means that users connect to virtual mobile instances with their mobile devices and then use computing resources such as CPU, memory, and network resources on mobile cloud infrastructure.In this case, such mobile devices will have smaller roles to play than current mobile devices. 3. MALWARE DATA : We chose ‘GoldMiner’ malware applications to obtain abnormal da ta in our mobile cloud infrastructure. We installed the malware onto two hosts and ran it. It gathers location coordinate and device identifiers (IMEI and IMSI), and sends the information to its server. The malware target affecting each mobile instance as zombie, and there are many other malware which have the same purpose although their functionality and behavior are little different from each other.This kind of malware is more threatening to mobile cloud infrastructure because there are lots of similar virtual mobile instances and they are closely connected to each other. Entered data are not same, compare the database data that is called malwaredata. when If some abnormal behavior’s help to modify the date in External object. 4. ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR DETECTION : We used the Random Forest (RF) machine learning algorithm to train abnormal behavior with our collected data set.The RF algorithm is a combination of decision trees that each tree depends on the values of a random vect or sampled independently and with the same distribution for all trees in the forest. We represented the collected features as a vector with the data subsequently used to train our collected data set. System Configuration:- H/W System Configuration:- Processor – Pentium –III Speed – 1. 1 Ghz RAM – 256 MB(min) Hard Disk – 20 GB Floppy Drive – 1. 4 MB Key Board – Standard Windows Keyboard Mouse – Two or Three Button Mouse Monitor – SVGA S/W System Configuration:- ? Operating System :Windows95/98/2000/XP ? Application Server : Tomcat5. 0/6. X ? Front End : HTML, Java, Jsp ? Scripts : JavaScript. ? Server side Script : Java Server Pages. ? Database : Mysql 5. 0 ? Database Connectivity : JDBC.

Law Enforcement Agencies Critical Issues Essay

There are many different ways law enforcement agencies fight crime and solve them. The continuous usage of technology is one of those major ways. Law enforcement agencies uses different technologies that are needed depending on the situation and the outcome of it. Some examples of technology that police use Today are GPS systems(global positioning systems), cellphones, surveillance equipment, communication systems, license plate readers, and mobile computer systems that have features such as WiFi, video, etc. The GPS system is used to track down a certain location or to reach a destination. The GPS system is very common in law enforcement agencies. For example, if a car is stolen or a criminal is on the run and it has a GPS system in it, the officers can use this device to track the car down. The GPS will give the current location of the car which would help officers to find the victim and follow them. Officers also use the GPS system to locate another patrol car. Cellphones is anoth er popular device law enforcement uses. Cellphones can be used in numerous ways during any situation. For example, if a teenage girl is kidnapped but is able to still use her cellphone to call nine one one, officers can try to trace her call. By tracing the call, it will be able to give off a location or give a close range of the location to help find the girl. Another popular technical device law enforcement agencies use is surveillance equipment. Surveillance equipment is used to watch and keep track of a individual or a place and their activities. For example, if a drug dealer is going out everyday to sell drugs and officers need proof of that to convict him or her, they will use the surveillance equipment to take pictures, videos, etc. They may use a special kind of camera to get the pictures they need and take them to court to use for evidence. By using these devices, it will help to enhance law enforcement agencies by assisting them to help bring criminals down. It  improves the efficiency and effectiveness of how law enforcement reacts to a situation and how quickly. Over the years, law enforcement agencies have dealt with a lot of criticism when it comes to officers using their firearms. In some cases, after being involved in a shooting, officers are thoroughly investigated to find out why and how the shooting happened. Because of this, officers now have the opportunity to use less-than-lethal weapons. One popular less-than-lethal weapon is the taser. â€Å"A Taser is a battery-powered electro-muscular (EMD) that fires two metal prongs, which are attached to a wire that delivers approximately 26 watts of electricity at more than 50,000 volts. The electricity causes substantial muscular pain and typically results in the immobilization of the suspect† (Walker, S, & Katz, C.M. 2011 pgs. 508). By law enforcement using a taser, there are lesser injuries occurring than before. Another type of less-than-lethal weapon is a shotgun. Although it is a shotgun, real bullets do not come out of it. This type of shotgun shoots rubber bullets. Although the bullets are rubber, they still have enough force to temporarily hurt a victim. If a victim is acting out of control, this type of gun is used to drop him or her to the ground. One other popular less-than-lethal weapon is pepper spray. This type of weapon is very popular amongst large and disruptive crowds. In order to control the crowd, an officer may use the pepper spray and shoot towards the crowd with it and spray it in someone’s eyes. This will instantly cause a burning sensation and temporarily boundless to the eyes. In most cases, this will force the victim to sit down and the officer will remain in control. Each and everyday, police officers risk their lives to help protect communities and to keep the streets safe. There are many dangers that police officers face on a daily basis. For example, stress is a major factor in a police officers life. Being stressed about something can take its toll on the officer. It can affect his performance at work or it can affect his home life. Stress is something you have to pay attention too by taking it seriously. Another example of danger police officers face is the chance of being shot. Officers pull over people for traffic laws or anything else simple. A person may panic seeing a cop pull them over. They may think it’s for something major when it’s really not so they will try to shoot the officer so they can get away. Another danger police officers deal with is the high temperature changes. This may sound  simple, but an officer stands around and walk around his entire shift. He may do this outside and if it’s hot outside, it can be very dangerous for an officer if he didn’t keep himself dehydrated.