Codes of Practice in Health Care Essay -- Medical Industry

Codes of practice help classify the quality of direction clients good deal dwell if they receive care services and they can be used as a source for measuring the quality of care pull up stakesd. All care professions have code of practice, some codes of practice mainly give advice and guidance, whereas others can be used to measure the quality of care. A policy is different to a code of practice, as it is set in a particular care setting in a particular place. A code of practice for greenhouse nurses will be relevant to all nursery nurses working in any care setting. If a nursery nurse works in a nursery, the policy which tells her how to cope with particular circumstances in that pacific nursery may be different to another nursery. Each care setting has its cause policies, according on its specific needs and circumstances.Charters are slightly different, they are like codes of practices but they are created by the government which outlines the standards people can expect from a wide range of services. The charters contain information about the services and gives advice about how we can seek redress if a service does not fulfil all the stipulated standards. Many GPs produce practice charters that offer information about that standard of service delivered by their particular wellness centres. Information which most in all likelihood be covered is time schedule, collection of test results, how to get proscribed medication, facilities available to disabled people and further treatment.Profession care workers are prepare to apply the values of care in their work. They are also helped in this, because they are expected to follow a code of practice. The Codes of Practice is issues to all registered nurses, midwives and health visitors. The Council i... ...Long Term Care Charter website) OUR COMMITMENT TO YOU we want the NHS to be a high-quality health service. These are our aims as set out in the NHS Plan.The NHS will provide a universal service for all b ased on clinical need, not ability to pay. The NHS will provide a comprehensive range or services.The NHS will shape its service around the needs and preferences of individual patients, their families and their carers. The NHS will respond to different needs of different populations.The NHS will work continuously together with each others to ensure a seamless service for patients.The NHS will help keep people healthy and work to reduce health inequalities.The NHS will obeisance the confidentiality of individual patients and provide open access to information about services, treatment and performance.(Referred to the NHS website)

Flannery O’Connor and Working-Class Literature :: Biography Biographies Essays

Flannery OConnor and Working-Class LiteratureAlthough Flannery OConnor could not herself technically be called a member of the work material body, the majority of her characters exist as good country people or those who have been displaced from the city to the farm. Whatever the situation of the characters, rural, working-class life is nearly unceasingly the focus in her work. Just a few of the critical elements of the working-class genre that OConnor offers in her pieces include a show of the m whatsoever differences amid classes, chiefly the ideas that working-class people are happier in their station in life and also experience less loneliness than those of the upper classes, and a intemperate focus on the authentic dialogue of the southern working classes. She employs these elements expertly in her work. OConnors texts often address the differences between the working classes and the owning classes. In their article, Toward a Theory of Working-Class Literature, Renny Chr istopher and Carolyn Whitson comment that working-class culture does not celebrate individuality. It instead recognizes the interdependence of units of people family, community, friends, unions (76). OConnor confirms the benefits of community that the working class offers by showing upper-class loneliness. In Good Country People, the farm owners well-educated daughter is very depressed and lonely scarce chooses to be so. When her mother and she walk the fields together, the daughters remarks were usually so ugly and her face so glum. She rigidly interacted with her mother, not showing any signs of family, community or solidarity with her at all. She informs her mother, if you want me, here I am LIKE I AM (274). There is no willingness to commune. Loneliness is also shown among legion(predicate) other middle-class characters in OConnors work the farm owner in The Displaced Person, the teacher Rayber in The Barber, and Mrs. Turpin in Revelation are several(prenominal) a dditional examples. Christopher and Whitson claim that working-class culture has its own exceptional people who do not choose to leave their culture. OConnors pieces support this idea. frequently she paints the middle-class characters in her pieces as ridiculous or unhappy where the working-class is seemingly well-adjusted and satisfied with their place in life. Old Dudley, in the fiction The Geranium, finds himself living in better conditions in New York City, having left the poor country life as a boarder and fix-it man in Georgia.

Explain the main factors that influence the rate of economic growth Ess

Explain the main factors that influence the rate of economic processEconomic growth will be different in M.E.D.Cs than it will be inL.E.D.Cs. The reason for this is that M.E.D.Cs are already developedand vast improvement may non be possible but in L.E.D.Cs they take for along way to catch up so it is easier for them to expand vastly.Economies like China and India have potential for vast economic growthbecause of a huge population. If these countries got their acttogether then they would be the world leaders. These two countriesalone account for 40% of the worlds population.Land- Different countries possess different amounts of land, it isdefined as all natural resources not just land itself. For exampleSaudi Arabia without its oil would just be another poor third worldcountry. The U.K s land became richer with the discovery of oil fieldsin the North Sea which have only croak exploited since the mid 1970s.Today oil contributes to about 3-4% of G.N.P. However the exploit ofraw mate rials is unlikely to be a significant source of growth indeveloped economi...

How Japan Committed Crimes Against Humanity in Pursuit of Self-Interest

Japan was one of the major powers of Axis Powers during the World War II. From 1937 to 1945, Japan started a series of wars, and resulted in millions of casualties along the way. Nipponese battlefield consists of three parts China, Pacific and Southeastern Asia. Japanese started these wars because they wanted to gain resources and war advantages for their own country. Japan committed crimes against humanity during their wars, which substance they neglected human dignity and degraded human value by humiliation. During the Sino-Japanese War, the Pearl Harbor Attack and wars in Southeastern Asia, Japan, in pursuit of self-interest, violate human rights and committed crimes against humanity. Japans attacking China in 1937 is a crime against humanity. On July 7, 1937, Japan attacked Beijing using a missing soldier as an excuse, without no official declaration to war against China. On December 13, 1937, Japan started a series of massacre in Nanking, which resulted in a casualty of 300,000. During the three-month-long massacre, Japanese force kill for pure fun, and their crime include brutal rape of sincere women, beheading civilians as competition, and murder newborn babies. Unit 731 of Japanese army used Chinese people as human test subjects to develop chemical weapon to win the war. They performed amputation and poison gas test on innocent Chinese civilians. When the war reached stalemate, and Japanese troops suffered from hunger, they kill war prisoners and eat the bodies. Japanese officers forced Chinese women to be comfort lady for the troops. While the get to sounded great, reality was that these comfort ladies ended up raped by Japanese soldiers over and over again until death. (Yoshimi 146) These were all crime against h... ...self-interest contradicts humanity and one fails to defend the latter, then it is the unforgivable crime against humanity, and should be punished. Works CitedUnmasking Horror Nicholas D. Kristof (March 17, 1995) New York T imes. A special report. Japan Confronting Gruesome War AtrocityKeenan, Joseph berry and Brown, Brendan Francis, Crimes against International Law, Public Affairs Press, Washington, 1950.Secondary sourcesYoshiaki Yoshimi, 200102, Comfort Women Sexual Slavery in the Japanese Military during World War II. Columbia University Press.Lord Russell of Liverpool (Edward Russell), The Knights of Bushido, a short history of Japanese War Crimes, Greenhill books, 2002Willmott, Hedley P., and Michael Barrett. World War II (Causes). World at War Understanding Conflict and Society. ABC-CLIO, 2014. Web. 18 May 2014.

Roswell Crash Government Coverup :: essays research papers

Phenomena of the Roswell crash in 1947 July 8, is one the most famous incidences in our time, the former we birth computers, mobile phones, night vision goggles and Kevlar armor. All this was made possible within one year of the Roswell crash. Roswell crash was covered up for to a greater extent than 30 years. Then, in 1978, ufologist Stanton T. Friedman restarted the investigation behind the Roswell crash. From what he fond out virtu entirelyy the crash showed us that the presidential terms cover-up was a fraud and we have all the proof we need.In the Roswell cover-up they stated that the debris they found was parts of a last balloon. A year later they confessed that they lied about the weather balloon and that the debris was part of a secret government project called ? regurgitate ability? which was planed to spy on the Russians just in flake of a nuclear attack and that they had to cover-up for the security of the nation. The ?Project Mogul? could not be part of a secret go vernment project that approach the government more than $5 million dollars. The project it self looks like virtuallyone put together a big balloon kite social occasion from family line things, and our reports also mention 3 people confirming that the RAAF (Roswell Army Air Field) got instructions to bribe some soldiers to pretend that they were part of the construction of the ?Project Mogul?. Even fake files have been made to prove it. In total RAAF bribed 10 people (entire ?Project Mogul? staff was composed of besides 10 people) but 3 people mysteriously disappeared, 2 people were shot dead proclaimed for going AWOL, 2 more people hush refusing to aid from the fear of what the RAAF might do to them and only 3 cooperated knowing they would die from natural causes, so they confirmed that there was a UFO and some of the calciferol first hand witnesses said that they saw ?little people? on the crash sight. The government said that the ?little people? were not people, or in that case aliens, but test dummies from ?Roswell Crash Government Coverup essays research papersPhenomena of the Roswell crash in 1947 July 8, is one the most famous incidences in our time, the reason we have computers, mobile phones, night vision goggles and Kevlar armor. All this was made possible within one year of the Roswell crash. Roswell crash was covered up for more than 30 years. Then, in 1978, ufologist Stanton T. Friedman restarted the investigation behind the Roswell crash. From what he fond out about the crash showed us that the governments cover-up was a fraud and we have all the proof we need.In the Roswell cover-up they stated that the debris they found was parts of a weather balloon. A year later they confessed that they lied about the weather balloon and that the debris was part of a secret government project called ?Project Mogul? which was planed to spy on the Russians just in case of a nuclear attack and that they had to cover-up for the security of the nation. T he ?Project Mogul? could not be part of a secret government project that cost the government more than $5 million dollars. The project it self looks like someone put together a big balloon kite thing from household things, and our reports also mention 3 people confirming that the RAAF (Roswell Army Air Field) got instructions to bribe some soldiers to pretend that they were part of the construction of the ?Project Mogul?. Even fake files have been made to prove it. In total RAAF bribed 10 people (entire ?Project Mogul? staff was composed of only 10 people) but 3 people mysteriously disappeared, 2 people were shot dead proclaimed for going AWOL, 2 more people still refusing to cooperate from the fear of what the RAAF might do to them and only 3 cooperated knowing they would die from natural causes, so they confirmed that there was a UFO and some of the 500 first hand witnesses said that they saw ?little people? on the crash sight. The government said that the ?little people? were not people, or in that case aliens, but test dummies from ?

Roswell Crash Government Coverup :: essays research papers

Phenomena of the Roswell crash in 1947 July 8, is one the most famous incidences in our time, the reason we go for computers, diligent phones, night vision goggles and Kevlar armor. All this was made possible within one year of the Roswell crash. Roswell crash was covered up for more(prenominal) than 30 years. Then, in 1978, ufologist Stanton T. Friedman restarted the investigation behind the Roswell crash. From what he fond out about the crash showed us that the governments cover-up was a fraud and we have all the confirmation we need.In the Roswell cover-up they stated that the junk they found was parts of a weather expand. A year later they confessed that they lied about the weather balloon and that the debris was part of a secret government project called ?Project Mogul? which was planed to spy on the Russians just in reference of a nuclear struggle and that they had to cover-up for the security of the nation. The ?Project Mogul? could not be part of a secret government p roject that cost the government more than $5 million dollars. The project it self looks like someone put together a big balloon kite thing from household things, and our reports in any case conjure up 3 people confirming that the RAAF (Roswell Army Air Field) got instructions to bribe some soldiers to pretend that they were part of the construction of the ?Project Mogul?. thus far hypocrite files have been made to prove it. In total RAAF bribed 10 people (entire ?Project Mogul? staff was composed of only 10 people) nevertheless 3 people mysteriously disappeared, 2 people were shot dead proclaimed for going AWOL, 2 more people still refusing to cooperate from the forethought of what the RAAF force do to them and only 3 cooperated knowing they would die from natural causes, so they confirmed that there was a UFO and some of the 500 beginning run witnesses said that they saw ?little people? on the crash sight. The government said that the ?little people? were not people, or in that case aliens, scarcely test dummies from ?Roswell Crash Government Coverup essays research papersPhenomena of the Roswell crash in 1947 July 8, is one the most famous incidences in our time, the reason we have computers, mobile phones, night vision goggles and Kevlar armor. All this was made possible within one year of the Roswell crash. Roswell crash was covered up for more than 30 years. Then, in 1978, ufologist Stanton T. Friedman restarted the investigation behind the Roswell crash. From what he fond out about the crash showed us that the governments cover-up was a fraud and we have all the proof we need.In the Roswell cover-up they stated that the debris they found was parts of a weather balloon. A year later they confessed that they lied about the weather balloon and that the debris was part of a secret government project called ?Project Mogul? which was planed to spy on the Russians just in case of a nuclear attack and that they had to cover-up for the security of the nation. The ?Project Mogul? could not be part of a secret government project that cost the government more than $5 million dollars. The project it self looks like someone put together a big balloon kite thing from household things, and our reports also mention 3 people confirming that the RAAF (Roswell Army Air Field) got instructions to bribe some soldiers to pretend that they were part of the construction of the ?Project Mogul?. Even fake files have been made to prove it. In total RAAF bribed 10 people (entire ?Project Mogul? staff was composed of only 10 people) but 3 people mysteriously disappeared, 2 people were shot dead proclaimed for going AWOL, 2 more people still refusing to cooperate from the fear of what the RAAF might do to them and only 3 cooperated knowing they would die from natural causes, so they confirmed that there was a UFO and some of the 500 first hand witnesses said that they saw ?little people? on the crash sight. The government said that the ?little people ? were not people, or in that case aliens, but test dummies from ?

Leadership Notes

Management Unit 6 Study Note leading Leading Basics attractership The process of inspiring others to work hard to accomplish important tasks * One of the four functions that constitute the management process * Planning sets direction and objectives * Organizing brings resources together and strain plans into action * Leading builds the commitments and enthusiasm needed to accomplish plans Controlling makes sure things turns out rightVision A term mapd to describe a clear sand of the future Visionary Leadership Brings to the situation a clear sense of the future and an understanding of how to get there * Visionary leaders inspire others to shrink the actions necessary to turn vision into reality Power The ability to convince someone else to do something you want, your way. Position Power Temporary forms of superpower such as reward power, coercive power, and legitimate power.Personal Power Permanent forms of power such as expert power and referent power Reward Power honour go od demeanor with compliments or assets Coercive Power Deterring bad behavior with punishments or negative feedback Legitimate Power Applying good behavior with the use of authority and rights of office Expert Power Supporting good behavior through example, advice, and experience Referent Power Inspiring good behavior through personal respect, integrity, and admiration Keys to Developing Position Power Centrality Establishing a broad network of contacts and getting involved with important information flows * Criticality victorious good c are of others * Visibility Becoming known as an influential person Empowerment The process through which managers enable and help others to gain power and achieve influence. Important Leadership Traits * Drive * Self-confidence * Creativity * Cognitive ability * Business knowledge * Motivation * Flexibility * Honesty and integrityEffective Leaders turn in information, responsibility, authority, and trust. They encourage others to take initiative, make decisions, utilise knowledge. problem Concerns * Plans and defines work to be done * Assigns task responsibilities * Sets clear work standards * Urges task completion * Monitors writ of execution results battalion Concerns * Acts warm and supportive toward followers * Develops social rapport with followers * Respects the feelings of followers * Is sensitive to followers needs * Shows trust in followersLeadership Styles Blake/ Mouton Leadership Grid * Team Management High task irritation high quite a little concern * Authority-Obedience Management High task concern low people concern * Country Club Management High people concern low task concern * Impoverished Management Low task concern low people concern. * Middle of the Road Management Non-committal for both task concern and people concern Hersey-Blanchard Leadership theory that calls for adjustments of styles for per situation.Delegating Low-task, low-relationship style that whole kit crush in high readiness-situatio ns Participating Low-task, high-relationship style that works best in low- to moderate-readiness situations Selling High-task, high-relationship style that works best in moderate- to high-readiness situations Telling High-task, low-relationship style that works best in low-readiness situations Fiedler Contingency Model Good leaders is based on leadership style (task or relationship otivated) and situational demands (member relations, task structure, position power) Task Oriented Leader Leader that focuses on task completion. Strong in high control situations but weak in low control situations consanguinity Oriented Leader Leader that focuses on employee relationships. They are strongest in middle control situations. House Path Goal Leadership * Directive Leadership When crinkle assignments are ambiguous. * Supportive Leadership When worker self-confidence is low. * Participative Leadership When performance incentives are poor. Achievement-Oriented Leadership When task challenge is insufficient Readiness How ready, willing, and able employees are in performing tasks. Substitutes for Leadership Factors in the work setting that direct work efforts without the involvement of a leader * Subordinate Ability, experience, independence * Task Characteristics Routine, handiness of feedback * Organizational Characteristics Clarity of plans and formalization of rules and procedures Charismatic Leaders Develop special leader-follower relationships and inspire others in extraordinary ways.Vroom-Jago Leader-Participation Model designed to help a leader choose the method of decision making that best fits the nature of the problem being faced. In this model, the best leader is someone able to choose and follow up the most appropriate decision methods. * Authoritative decision made by leader * Consultative decision made by leader with help of conference * Group decision made by group members through participation Works best when -leader lacks sufficient info -problem is unclear acceptance of others is necessary for murder -adequate time is available to allow for true participation Transformational Leadership Someone who is truly inspirational as a leader and who arouses others to seek extraordinary performance accomplishments. * Vision * Charisma * Symbolism * Empowerment * Intellectual stimulation * Integrity Transactional Leadership Someone who is methodical as a leader and keeps others focused on progressing toward goal accomplishment.Emotional Intelligence The ability to manage ourselves and our relationships effectively Male Leadership Men tend to use transactional leadership Female Leadership Women tend to use interactive leadership, a style that shares qualities with transformational leadership and behaviors. Ethical Leadership * Integrity The leaders honesty, credibility, and consistency in putting values into action. Crucial for transformational leadership and good old-fashioned leadership. * Moral Obligation Awaken peoples potential, instill high expectations and let others do their best.

How Good Are Your Communication Skills? Essay

In e veryday life, discourse skills take to be apply to inter turning with mass in galore(postnominal) situations. dialogue is the foundation for social interaction as it drop turn ups people to socialize and interact. Effective conference is extremely important in a health and social vex context because it is essential to help you understand your clients feelings and emotions, as well as creating a positive relationship with your clients, relatives, colleagues and other healthcare professionals. Communication may keep an eye on in many forms including speaking, writing or sometimes using pictures, sign quarrel, and system language or gesturing. There are a number of reasons we submit including socializing, to express our indispensablenesss, informing others of information, to share ideas, to educate, to identify problems, to find solutions and many other reasons.Verbal CommunicationVerbal communicating is when a soulfulness communicates verbally with person. This could be whiz to one or in a assembly. Good verbal communication skills in health and social care is essential as it allow workers to effectively communicate and connect with patients and health care professionals by listening to them and talking to them to meet their needs. The ability to communicate and connect with patients and health care professionals helps to general anatomy relationships, prevent mistakes and helps to provide a high level of care.When communicating verbally, a persons tone of voice interprets what they say and what influence it has on the receiver. If someone talks in a very slow and low voice, people may consider you are shy, embarrassed, unconfident or unsure. It may also indicate soreness nigh the topic being spoken about. However, a comfort and slow voice shows you are a confi friendly and caring. Talking quickly with a besotted tone and in a loud voice may indicate anger or rudeness. When health and social care professionals speak with serve up su bstance abusers, it is very important to know when to budge your tone of voiceNon-Verbal CommunicationNon-Verbal communication is the process of sending and receiving messages without using words, either spoken or written messages. This could be communicating through gestures, touch (Haptic communication), by body language, set, facial expression, eye contact or written communication. There are several types of nonverbal communication includingKinesicsKinesics involves body movements in communication, for example, hand gestures, nodding or shaking the headProxemicsProxemics involves the physiological distance between people when they communicate, territoriality and personal space, position, and poster, how you stand or sit, whether your weaponry are crossed, and so on.HapticHaptic communication describes how we communicate with each other with the use of touch. Young children and the elderly may commonly use tactual communication. For example, a child may tap their mum on her sho ulder to get her attention.Non- Verbal communication is the second most common type of communication used in health and social care settings. It can be used in emails, letters, written communication and sign language. Very many people communicate using facial expressions, gestures and body language. Facial expressions are responsible for a huge proportion of nonverbal communication. This is because the first thing we see when we weigh at a person is their facial expressions. Facial expression gives a huge clue on what type of mood a person is in. A person whoLanguage Barrierssometimes in that location are barriers that need to be overcome to be able to communicate. There are a number of divers(prenominal) barriers, which people could face. For example a language barrier. If someone spoke a diametric language to you, you would struggle to understand what he or she is trying to say. In this case, an interpreter could be used to translate for them. This would mean that the barrier would be overcome.If someone has the same first language as someone, it allows them to communicate effectively with an individual. Additionally, there are other barriers, which people may face including physical barriers, barriers for people with special needs and psychological barriers.Physiological BarriersPsychological barriers are mind-associated problems that keep you from orbit a solution, obtaining a goal, establishing positive relationships or taking a step toward finding a new job or starting college etc. Therefore, disposition what these issues are ordain help you on your journey to overcome intangible fears and frustrations. People who are going through a difficult time may not want to communicate if they feel distressed or down. This may lead them to evacuate communication with people for a number of reasons.A persons self-esteem may discourage them from communicating with people and prevent them from taking part in-group activities. Some factors, which may contribut e to a low self-esteem, may be fear and anxiety, low self- concept, depression or panic attacks. People who suffer from a low self- esteem may shut themselves out and avoid communicating with people altogether.Dealing with a disabled person who communicates in different waysPeople suffering from physical disabilities may face physical barriers, which may relate to hearing, eyesight, difficulty walking or movement of the limbs. These barriers may be overcome by using pictures to express words, Makaton, or braille for visually impaired individuals or people with impaired hearing.A person with a physical disability could become easily annoyed and agitated. It may be gravely to communicate with them when they feel like this. To handle a situation when they feel like this it may help if they are spoken to in a calm manner, as they may get more irritated, it may also help to remove them from a situation to allow them to calm down. They may use different body language to express their fee lings, for example, if they are feeling annoyed they may sigh or if they want to show you they need something they may tap your shoulder.A disabled person may also require special facilities to be provided for them such as braille. Braille is a form of written language for fraud people, in which characters are represented by patterns of raised dots that are felt with the fingertips. British Sign language uses visual communication including gestures, facial expressions, and body language to communicate mainly with people who are deaf or have hearing impairments. A person who is deaf or has hearing impairments may need a signer to communicate with them using sign language and pass on information. These alternatives allow disabled people to communicate effectively.Types of Interpersonal Communicationcommunicating with different peopleThere are times where you may use formal language and times where you may use informal language. For example, talking to a friend you will usually use sl ang terms and informal language. This may include personal topics, which you would only discuss with people you are remnant to. Talking to a colleague, you will need to take a more professional approach. You would not usually ask a colleague about their personal life or what they did for the weekend. You may use terminology or jargon words relating to your job and work when communicating with professionals.One to one groupsIn many Health and Social Care settings such as nursing homes or schools, one to one communication is important. This could be to provide a service user with extra support or personal care. To meet the personal needs of a service user it could be beneficial to communicate one to one with them to maintain privacy and confidentiality. This may also help them to feel more comfortable when communicating with professionals about personal matters.Group CommunicationGroup communication is a more open type of communication as it allows people to express their views and o pinions to a number of people. It also allows people discuss their thoughts, feelings, and experiences with people. An example of group communication is support groups. Support groups allow a group of people to share their negative past experiences with each other and offer support, encouragement, and advice. People with crapulence problems, drug problems, and young offenders may join support groups to find ways to deal with their problems when other ways have failed.Facial expressions body language and postureA person s facial expressions, body language and posture give people a good interpretation of how they are feeling or what they may be thinking. If a person is slouching, looks uninterested, unconcerned and is not participating at work it gives people the impression they do not care about their work, they are not physically prepared and that they want to be elsewhere. A person with this attitude may not want to communicate with others as their body language shows that they ma y want to be left undisturbed.When a person is speaking, you can usually tell what type of mood they are in by the tone of their voice. If theyIn almost any workplace including health and social care settings, a good level of verbal and written communication is needed. Workers will need to be able to communicate with service effectively to ensure that their needs are met to a high standard, with other colleagues which they work with and other organizations which the service is part of. Good communication is an essential tool in achieving productivity and maintaining strong working relationships at all levels of an organization.A General practician(GP) will need to have a good standard of both written and verbal communication skills to meet the needs of their patient.The role of their job of a general practitioner requires listening to a patients problems and decide on a suitable solution or treatment for them in a timely manner. Sometimes a general practitioner also known as a docto r will refer patients to other run which can provide for their particularised needs. For example, a person who has suffered from a fall may be referred to a hospital to have an x-ray. In this case, a doctor may need to constrain a written medical report on the accident which would be passed on to other health care professionals such as radiographers.D1 Analyse how ethnical variations can influence communicationThere are different ways religious beliefs, languages and personal views can have an impact on how we communicate. These factors may change the manner in which we communicate, the ways of communicating with different people and how we communicate. There are many cultural differences in communication and for this reason it needs to be ensured that related barriers are overcome.People of different cultures may use different gestures, symbols, languages and different ways to greet people. Culture can affect how you think and act and, more importantly, the kind of criteria by w hich you judge others. The traditions of one culture may be the total opposite of another culture. For example, it is seen as polite and respectful to flummox eye contact when speaking to someone in Western culture but in other cultures, for example in East Asia, it can be seen as rude and defiant. Some cultures portray some behaviors as normal and right and others strange or wrong. In different cultures, there are several(a) ways to greet people. some cultures shake hands, kiss on the cheek, bow, hug or simply say hi or hello.In England, The handshake is used as a gesture. as a form of a greeting between two people.If the information (signs, leaflets, posters) about health, social care, and early years services are in English only then those with a different first language will not be able to find out about the service. If the information uses specialist language, the individual may not understand it. They may become anxious or worried about the service.

Examples of human societies that collapsed prior to c. 1700 CE

authoritative Mayan subtlety was among the most advanced to ever develop in the New ground prior to European contact, and at its height, Mayan cities supported populations estimated at 250 to 750 people per squ atomic number 18 mile. 1 They were the only advanced Mesoameri quarter civilization to consume developed an grand system of writing they also developed their own unique calendar, and extensively studied mathematics and astronomy.The Classic period of Maya civilization is thought to have begun most 250 CE, based on scholarly interpretation of glyphs on Mayan monuments. 2 It is thought that the occurrence of certain repetitive glyphs within an area signify the rise of a local dynasty or kingdom. Based on the number of archeologically verified houses, the Mayan population is estimated to have exponentially increased to its peak of approximately 13 million in around 750CE3, accompanied by a similar increase in the number and size of monuments and buildings.After this point t hese numbers regrets until around 900 CE, which is said to acknow directge the collapse of the Classic Mayan civilization in general. Among Mayan cities of the Classic period, however, some were noted to have peaked and collapsed as early as 600 CE, while others persisted much longer, such(prenominal) as Chichen Itza (around 1250 CE). 4The end of the Classic Maya period was not the end of Mayan civilization itself, because Spanish explorers such as Cortes encountered Mayan resistance as they established their presence in the area. While diseases introduced by the Spanish occupation eventually brought the survivors numbers down to an estimated 3,000 in 1714 CE5, the Spanish occupation itself was not a significant factor in the decline of a civilization which had already reached its zenith and collapsed centuries before.Although the Spaniards religious fervor drove them to destroy several of the Mayan manuscripts out of fear of paganism, the surviving written records have enabled ar cheologists to witness much about the Mayan writing system, and the explorers own documentation of the Maya have proved helpful to scholars6. Modern scientific methods have enabled us to understand a spectacular deal about the factors that may have undermined such an advanced society and brought about its downfall.Located at latitudes of 17o to 22o north of the equator, rainfall in the land of the ancient Maya is inureal and unpredictable, and hence in reality, the habitat of the Mayan civilization can be most accurately described as a seasonal rainforest or desert7. rain varies with location, from 500 mm a year along the north coast, to 4,000 mm a year in some southern areas8. Due to the unpredictable clock and amount of rain in any given season, even modern farmers have frequently encountered difficulties in growing crops.The Maya transparently succeeded in their agricultural efforts for a long time, and cities such as Tikal even show evidence of the construction of cisterns and reservoirs to store water in times of drought9. However, considering the game population density of Classic Mayan cities at their peak, even with their successful agriculture and ability to store water reserves in times of drought, the Maya would still have been vulnerable to severe, prolonged drought perhaps enough to send them into collapse.To find records of what the climate in the Mayan homeland was like at that time, geologists from the University of Florida gathered sediment cores from several lakes in the Yucatan area and analyse the patterns of deposition, which indicate that the driest interval in the region in the past 7,000 years had coincided with the collapse of the Classic Maya civilization, between 800-1000 CE. A further study by Larry Peterson and Gerald Haug apply x-ray fluorescence to analyze oceanic sediment cores.Titanium and iron deposits in the sediment were used as indicators of rainfall, because these elements originate predominantly from continenta l rocks and thus a high amount of titanium and iron deposits would reflect on a high volume of rainfall on land in that year. The results corroborated the previous study that had been do using freshwater sediments, indicating an unusually long and severe drought during the period of Classic Maya collapse10. Despite this evidence, the drought theory behind the collapse of Classic Mayan civilization remains far from providing a complete and thoroughly satisfactory explanation.It fails to account for the previously mentioned differences in the dates of collapse of cities that lay within the same region and presumptively suffered from the same drought. It has been suggested that the start cities to fall to the drought were much vulnerable by virtue of location, being less proximate to natural bodies of water, such as springs and rivers. This could wherefore lead to warfare between cities overdue to competition for scant resources, and since the Mayan cities never were united into a single empire, it is likely that such warfare may have greatly destabilized Mayan society.As with other cases of collapsed societies throughout history, it is likely that multiple causes, of which drought was the most significant tho by no means the only one, contrived to arrive about the fall of the advanced Mayan society. Another society that was founded, peaked, and collapsed close to our modern day home would be the Anasazi of Chaco Canyon. This society had collapsed well before the arrival of Columbus, but unlike the Maya, left behind no written records. What is known about the Anasazi comes from using a combination of scientific methods to analyze what remains of their society.The Native Americans who first settled the U. S. Southwest faced a problem that is still obvious today. This region has very low and unpredictable rainfall. Drought is often cited as the obvious major reason for Anasazi societys collapse, but recent studies indicate that the Anasazi sites themselves may still have been able to sustain a population at the time of their abandonment. 11 In the study of the decline and collapse of Anasazi society, archeologists have relied heavily on a few methods of analysis.One lies in the field of dendrochronology and is particularly useful since the Anasazi, particularly at Chaco Canyon, made heavy use of timber for their construction. Using the thickness of individual tree rings from a particular piece of timber, dendrochronologists are able match patterns in the rings of different trees from the same region. By comparing several different trees in this manner, dendrochronologists are able to correctly confederate each ring with a specific year, starting from trees in the present day and dating back for thousands of years.Dendrochronological studies thus present highly detailed nurture regarding the weather patterns of the U. S. Southwest and can indicate not only years of high rainfall or drought, but also the amount of rainfall and the se ason within a particular year during which the rain fell12. Scientists have also analyzed the contents of pack rat kitchen middens to gain insight into the local vegetation. run rats (Neotoma spp. ) are rodents that have lived in the area for thousands of years, and gather vegetation and other organic material from within their small territorial range, preserving it in their nests, called middens.Pack rat midden analysis has allowed scientists to determine that the initial area around Chaco Canyon was forested with pinyon and juniper trees which no longer grow today in the vicinity, and led to the conclusion that the Anasazi of Chaco Canyon had deforested their surrounding woodland for firewood to fuel their pottery making, and for construction material as Chaco became an effective political and religious center for the Anasazi society. 3 Furthermore, studies of strontium isotopes in other types of wood used at Chaco indicate that several conifer logs had actually been imported fr om more distant areas such as the Chuska and San Mateo mountains, presumably after Chaco itself had been deforested. 14 It is believed that this deforestation led to irreversible nutrient loss in the soil of the Chaco area, which is further strengthened by studies of food remains at archeological sites.These remains indicate that as the food supply in Chaco deteriorated, its inhabitants resorted to eating rabbits and mice, and eventually cannibalism, as evidenced by boiled human cram with smooth ends and human muscle protein found in preserved dried human feces. 15 It is probable that cannibalism came with social unrest, possibly a revolt by the providers of Chaco Canyon against the elite, and that together with these factors, a drought (dated by tree rings to around 1130 CE) pushed Anasazi society at Chaco past its limits.Numbering at possibly 5,000 or more at their peak, the Chaco Anasazi had already exhausted and deforested their environment, and likely fought amongst themselves for the rest resources. The final example I choose to discuss is the collapse of the Scandinavian settlement of Greenland. Greenland is a harsh and fragile environment, but at the time of the Norse occupation around 980 CE, it was experiencing a relatively warm period that lasted from 800 1300 CE, ending with the start of the Little nut Age.Information about Greenlands climate is derived from palynological studies, wherein scientists analyze pollen found in mud deposits extracted from the bottom of lakes and bogs, and ice core studies. Pollen studies reveal what sort of plants were growing in the area, and can reveal subtle shifts in climate when pollen from cold-tolerant species is prevalent.Similar to dendrochronology, ice core studies reveal the amount of snowfall within a year, and by using a business deal spectrometer it is possible to analyze the content of oxygen isotopes within a layer of snow, with the ratios of these isotopes indicating the average climate during tha t year. Ice cores can also reveal how blustering(prenominal) the year was in which the snow fell by analyzing concentrations of sodium and calcium ions, which are brought inland by sea spray. 16 By 1000 CE the Norse had settled Greenland in two different areas with a total population of around 5,000.They relied on hay farming to feed their livestock, which consisted of goats, sheep, and cows, but due to the length and severity of their winters, they were forced to estimate how many animals they could support with their stockpiled hay, and slaughter the remainder. If the winter lasted longer than expected, the consequences could obviously lead to the starvation and death of the few remaining livestock. Their pastoral lifestyle, use of turf for buildings, and need for firewood demanded the clearing of native vegetation, and livestock trampling hampered the regeneration of trees.Palynological studies support the conclusion that the Norse had deforested the environment and caused soil erosion, with the decline of pollen from willow and birch trees as well as the presence of topsoil at the bottom of lakes indicating the loss of plant cover and soil. The loss of abundant ram down resulted in the halting of construction involving wood, and the lack of firewood limited the Norse in their efforts to pasteurize dairy products and extract iron for their implements.Unlike the Norse, the Inuit who settled Greenland in about 1200 CE managed to exploit the resources of the sea with their kayaks, hunting plentiful fish (which the Norse oddly refused to eat, as evidenced by the complete lack of fish remains in garbage) and whales, whose blubber could be used for fuel and warmth. Possible hostile contact between the Norse and Inuit may also have led to the decline of Norse society on Greenland, because it prevented the Norse from peacefully interacting with their neighbors and learning from them how to adapt to the extreme conditions.Another factor that weakened the Norse set tlement was the increasing difficulty of transportation, and hence alternate and communication, across the sea with mainland Norway, as the cold weather brought by the Little Ice Age set in and ice began to make seafaring dangerous. 17 Summarized concisely in the words of Jared Diamond, the Norse settlement of Greenland collapsed due to environmental damage, climate change, loss of friendly contacts with Norway, rise of hostile contacts with the Inuit, and the political, economic, social, and cultural setting of the Greenland Norse. 18

Critics of the immigration law Essay

The topic I have chosen is Illegal Migration on the U. S. Border since this is currently a significant issue as reflected by the heavy media coverage depicting the allegedly alarming rate by which the number of misbranded immigrants has risen in the United States since 2004. The Washington Post, for instance, reports that approximately fractional a million immigrants have poured in last year, outnumbering the number of legal immigrants.(Cohn A13) The concern over illegal immigration has therefore drawn out varied responses and put immense pressure on the Government, including President Bush who is reported to be proposing granting short working visas to foreigners as part of the legal remedies to the situation unconnected from the proposed wall to be built in the borders between the U. S. and Mexico and heavy personnel enforcement in patrolling the borders.(BBC News) Its ne arest neighbor, Mexico is logically the foremost source of both legal and illegal immigrants in the countr y. I have so far been able to check online sources of information such as the news networks mentioned above. I would like to peruse extra materials such as previous studies on the issue and some other materials such as those printed by the advocates and critics of the immigration law in order to gain a deeper understanding of the topic mentioned.From my perspective, there is indeed a clear need to strictly enforce the immigration laws to address concerns on homeland security and other threats posed by illegal immigration, including the syndicate groups that have obviously been taking advantage of both the laxity of the State in patrolling its borders and the desperation of Mexicans and other nationals who are after the supposedly greener pastures offered by the United States.I therefore see no harm in the Presidents proposal for the issuance of temporary work visas to immigrants. On the contrary, it would help make the monitoring easier for immigration officers and therefore also help control the influx of illegal immigrants in the country.Works CitedCohn, DVera. Report Details Growth in Illegal Migration. Washington Post. 28 Sept. 2005A13 Viewpoints U. S. Illegal Migration. 23 May 2006. BBC News Online. 1 July 2007.

Computer programming Essay

1. What common programming spoken language disceptation, in your opinion, is most detrimental to legibility and why do you think that?The go to statement in my opinion stub be the most detrimental to program readability, beca utilize it makes it uncontrollable to keep track of where the program has been and will go during debugging. Extensive aim of go to statements make it difficult to impossible to keep the program code in a top down format.2. How does the distinguishing between upper- and lower courtship in identifiers profess the three criteria?The affect to readability bottom of the inning be dictatorial when it is consumptiond in conjunction with a cohesive programming technique. The use of upper case letters to help certain types of identifiers stand out in the code nooky be highly beneficial.The affect on writability will be positive because the readability of a program helps to improve the writability.The affect on reliability will also be positive because the to a greater extent readable, and writable a language thence there is a positive affect on the reliability.3. How do type closure statements for simple variables affect the readability of a language?Having type declarations that be easy to understand are very important to the readability of a programming language. When the type declarations are cryptic or easily confused it degrades the readability because it is non as easy to identify the variable type or distinguish between them.4. Write an evaluation of burnt umber and of C++, using the criteria draw in this chapter. Please be thorough and provide a reason/justification for your evaluation.C++ReadabilityC++ is not an overall simple language which complicates its readability. It does however have very good control structures and data type structures which can help the readability. But in general it can be difficult to read.WritabilityC++ allows for high levels of data abstraction, and expressivitys in the language allowing the p rogrammer to create a myriad of structures to solve different programming problems making it very writable.ReliabilityC++ has extensive exception handling and type checking capabilities, which lead to a more reliable language. coffee berryReadabilityJava because it is a running(a) programming language, which is structured completely differently than all opposite common programming languages. All of the computations in Java are carried out by applying functions to arguments. Java does not have the assignment statements or variables common in other languages. Alone this causes enough of a problem with the readability of Java, scarcely the syntax for Java is doubly ambiguous because the equal exact syntax is used for both data and function calls.WritabilityJava has a high amount of expressivitys with the use of functions, but the difficulties that can be encountered in readability will affect the writability of the language.ReliabilityJava does not have the extensive exception hand ling of C++.5. Evaluate both Java and C++ with respect to the ultimate total apostrophize (as discussed in Chapter 1 of the Sebesta text). Again, please be thorough and provide a reason/justification for your evaluation.The total cost of C++ is acceptable. C++ is a very complex language that for a programmer to learn completely can take well over a year, but a programmer can learn enough to make powerful programs in a comparatively short time. The style constructs of C++ help to improve its maintainability over time which is a major component to the cost of software development.The total cost of Java is potentially more than that of C++. The functional programming environment is sufficiently different from all other imperative languages that training for programmers to learn and move around proficient in Java can take longer. Also the syntax similarities with data will make maintenance costs for Java programs to be high because of their poor readability.Readability. Requiring the declaration of variables forces the programmer to document his/her expectations regarding variable names, data types, and scope (the region of the program where the variable will be applicable). Thus, the program becomes much more readable to the programmer and to others.Writability. Requiring the declaration of variables may actually decrease writability in its most direct sense, since a programmer cannot simply use variables as needed, but must write declarations in their appropriate places to avoid error messages. This increased burden on the programmer can increase programming time. On the other hand, without declarations there can be no local variables, and the use of local variables can increase writability by allowing the programmer to reuse names without worrying about(predicate) non-local references. Forcing the programmer to plan the use of variables may also improve writability over the long run.Efficiency. As we saw, readability and writability can be viewed as efficie ncy issues from the menstruation of view of maintenance and software engineering, so the comments about those issues also apply here in that sense. The use of declarations may also permit more cost-efficient implementation of the program. Without declarations, if no assumptions are made about the size of variables, less efficient access mechanisms using pointers must be used. Also, the programmer can use declarations to specify the exact size of variable needed (such as short int or long int). Restricting scope by using local variables can also save memory space by allowing the automatic deallocation of variables. Note, however, that Fortran is a very efficient language in terms of execution speed, so it is not always true that requiring declarations must improve execution speed.Also, speed of translation may actually be decreased by the use of declarations, since more reading must be kept in tables to keep track of the declarations. (It is not true, as Fortran and BASIC attest, that without declarations a translator must be multi-pass.) Security. Requiring declarations enhances the translators ability to track the use of variables and report errors. A clear example of this appears in the difference between ANSI C and old-style Unix C. Early C did not fill that parameters to functions be declared with function prototypes. (While not exactly variable declarations, parameter declarations are closely related and can be viewed as essentially the same concept.) This meant that a C compiler could not guarantee that a function was called with the appropriate number or types of parameters. Such errors only appeared as crashes or refuse values during program execution.The use of parameter declarations in ANSI C greatly improved the security of the C language. Expressiveness. Expressiveness may be reduced by requiring the declaration of variables, since they cannot then be used in arbitrary ways. Scheme, for example, while requiring declarations, does not require t hat data types be given, so that a single variable can be used to store data of any data type. This increases expressiveness at the cost of efficiency and security.

About metals and minerals

1 IntroductionAsia plays an of import function in today s shaft industry due to important resources of assorted metals and exploitrals, bring forthing close a 3rd of universe s bauxite and gold, histories for a half of planetary Fe ore production, and for about 70 % of universe s hydraulic cement ( USGS, 2009 ) . Within the disunite among the largest manufacturers of metals and taprals ar China, India, and Indonesia.Despite the important importance of metals and minerals in modern sparing system, slam activities far excessively frequently lead to terrible environmental debasement, put local communities under force per unit area, cause societal jobs and sometimes go the cause of struggles. Grasberg mine in Indonesia is an expressed illustration of legion issues associated with jumbo graduated table jibe. This paper gives a brief reappraisal of excavation in Grasberg from the construct the three pillars of sustainability, therefore analyzing economical, societal and particula rly environmental pretends of this peculiar mine.2 Economic ImpactDue to the big graduated table of the subroutines, the Grasberg mine has a immense result on the economical state of affairs of Indonesia. Economic benefits include direct, such as revenue enhancement grosss and employment and separate indirect and induced economic benefits. The unfastened cavity operations is expected to go on until 2015, than passage will be made to to the full belowground production and the phoner ( which company, mark? ? Need to present this mine company ) is expected to be profitable until 2041, which secures these benefits to Indonesia until that clip ( Freeport 2008 ) .The company is the largest revenue enhancement remunerator in Indonesia, merely in 2004 it provided $ 3 billion and between 1992-2004, $ 33 billion direct and indirect benefits, which is 2 % of the GDP of the state and 55 % of the GDP of Irian Jaya state, where the mine is located ( Perlez and Bonner 2005 ) .along with econ omical state of affairs, it in any event has a immense consequence on the employment. In 2008 the company had 29,300 employees and 10,700 contractors, about 18,000 people work at the mine which is operated by PT ( what is it? ) Freeport Indonesia ( Freeport 2009 ) . However, the employment impacts are more complex as the excavation activity lead created societal tensenesss and wellness impacts such as AIDS and malaria in footings of in-migration, transmigration and urbanisation procedures. ( mention )Besides direct effects Indonesia benefits from the indirect economic benefits, such as in the buff airdrome, infirmaries and roads, nevertheless these were mainly built to back up the substructure of the mine. In add-on, the company invested into malaria control and educational AIDSs. Induced effects include rewards, other benefits paid for the workers, purchases of goods and services, which are besides heightening economic increment of the state. mentionTo decide bing societal and environmental issues the company has established a 1 % trust fund ( 1 % of the company s gross annual gross ) . Between its initiation in 1996 and 1999 it has been contributed $ 54.8 one million million million and it is planned to go on over the following 10 old ages. In 1999, Freeport contributed US $ 14.4 million to the fund. In contrast in the same twelvemonth the CEO of Freeport, James Robert Moffet made US $ 41 million which is approximately three times of the compensation. peach an independent survey it has became a new beginning of troubles and struggle ( Kennedy 1998 ) . To decide urbanisation issues and emergence grosss and occupations within Papuan communities Freeport cooperates with the U.S. Agency for International increase and has launched the Papua farming Development Alliance. $ 2 million is allocated to develop agribusiness and agriculture, therefore advancing betterments in agriculture and tiping supports ( Freeport 2009 ) .Besides official payments the com pany provided side payments to the administration functionaries, and spent $ 35 million on military machine substructure. Harmonizing to company paperss, $ 20- $ 30 million were given to the military and constabularies from 1998 to 2004 ( Perlez and Bonner 2005 ) .In malice of all these preceding(prenominal) mentioned benefits and investings, the environmental debasement, societal and wellness issues remain and can neer be to the full compensated by the company, but are enforcing immense personify on Indonesia. The cost of lost supports ( fishing, woods, biodiversity etc. ) and environmental harm are difficult to mensurate. Many of the wellness effects can non even be captured as they are chronic. base on the above, Freeport Company evidently has a immense consequence on the Indonesian economic system but as it is a foreign investor it besides means that most of the gross is taken out from the state. Another chief issue is that most of its production is supplied as a Cu dressed ore for refinery to other states worldwide depriving Indonesia from related service based employment and induced benefits.Fortunately, due to societal and political force per unit area, governmental alterations and more demanding environmental outlooks and ordinances increase the force per unit area on Grasberg mine and easy driving the company towards more sustainable excavation patterns ( mention )2.1 Social ImpactSocial impact of Grasberg mine operation chiefly touches three major issues demographical alterations, substructure development, and human rights misdemeanor. All of these issues address influence on the autochthonal people, Papuan folk. Some of the alterations which the Grasberg mine brought to the part could be considered as betterments in the sprightliness criterions such as substructure development. However about all of these alterations touch the inquiry of human rights maltreatments in many dimensions. ( mention )Irian Jaya, the state where Grasberg mine is situate d, is sing a rapid population growing as a consequence of the resettlement policies of the Indonesian authorities ( Wohl 2006 ) . The mine was opened in 1967 when there were no roads and fewer than 1000 people inha second geared this country. Over clip the mine drew in cxx 000 people from all over Indonesia and now it serves as about the lone one topographic point of employment for local people ( Hills and Welford 2006 ) .Although the mine operation in the state has lead to infrastructure development such as edifice of roads, an airdrome, a port at Amamapare ( what is it ) , a ropeway, infirmary, lodging, schools and other installations, presents there are a batch of jobs and struggles, peculiarly, in human rights abuses around the Grasberg mine.The enlargement of excavation caused a batch of protests among local population because the societal impact was chiefly attached with disturbing of the manner of life of autochthonal people, capturing their land, woodlandalling attempts to seek justness through the tribunals, coin bankrolling the constabulary and coercing them to resettle. These protests were the other portion of human rights maltreatments which showed up in military intercessions, colzas and slayings of dissenters etc. ( Hills and Welford 2006 ) .Indonesia s National Commission on Human Rights concluded that clear and identifiable human rights misdemeanors had occurred in and around Freeport s undertaking country, including indiscriminating violent deaths, anguish, inhumane or degrading intervention, improper apprehension, arbitrary detainment, disappearing, inordinate surveillance, and devastation of belongings. The committee noted that these misdemeanors are straight connected with protection for the excavation concern of PT Freeport Indonesia ( Whitmore 2006 ) . Additionally such environmental impacts as piss and dirt pollution are the misdemeanor of the human right to adequate criterions of life and the right to wellness.( How to link with old sentence? ) Local autochthonal landholders, the Kamoro and Amungme, have been the topic of coercion and bullying. Their land have been exploited, natural resources stolen and net incomes siphoned off by foreign shareholders and national elites ( Hills and Welford 2006 ) .3. Environmental ImpactThe environmental impact from the excavation activity of Grasberg mine arises chiefly due to two beginnings. These are,Untreated chasing disposal at the Aghawagon river ( IIED and WBCSD 2002 ) acidic mine drain ( Kennedy et al. 1998 ) from reeling sum of waste stone generated3.1 ShadowingsThe excavation operations at Grasberg started in 1972 ( Mealey 1996 ) . Riverine disposal of untreated shadowings has been practiced since so ( IIED and WBCSD 2002 ) . The IIED and WBCSD ( 2002 ) reference a 30 fold addition in the shadowings production from 1972 to 2000. As of 2002 about 230,000 dozenss of shadowings are disposed off day-to-day straight from the mine into the Aghanwagon River ( IIED and WBCSD 2002 ) . Fig 3 shows a orbiter image of mine country along with the river system through which the shadowings are disposed of.The Aghanwagon is connected with the Ajkwa river system through Otomona river. Ajkwa river eventually meets the Arafura sea. A comparative analytic thinking for selected parametric quantities with regard to mining outflowing criterions of US-EPA and Canada Fisheries Act and the Grasberg mine wastewater ( Annex 1 ) is presented in the tabular array 1 below ( IIED and WBCSD 2002 ) . duck 1. Comparison of shadowings featuresGrasbergMineUS EPA criterionCanada Fisheries Act criterionspH11.36-96-9.5Sum suspended solids ( mg/l )558,5842015As ( mg/l )3.940.5Cu ( mg/l )5360.150.3Hg ( mg/l )& lt 0.0030.001A expression at the above tabular array would do to grok the monolithic pollution load caused by the direct riverine disposal of untreated shadowings in the environing riverine ecosystem. The negative environmental impacts are chiefly manifested through follo wing two jobs.3.1.1 Problem of depositThe IIED and WBCSD ( 2002 ) estimation shadowings lending up to 93 % of the deposit loads in the river system. This has resulted in change of geo-morphology of the river system. ( Watson 1999 ) . Changes in the near river classs of Pika, Uamiau and Aimua as reported by Indonesian Ministry of Population and Environment ( Kennedy et al. 1998 ) further reinforce this claim. Watson ( 1999 ) has estimated that less than 5 % of the entire shadowings reach the Arafura Sea. The shadowing disposals have created an insubstantial inundation field in the Ajkwa riverine system ( Kennedy et al. 1998 ) . A obstruction of Ajkwa river in mid-1990s caused unreal inundation in the river field ( Watson 1999 ) .In response to the obstruction of the river the company have constructed levees to lodge and incorporate shadowings in the designated inundation field of the river, termed as Ajkwa deposit Area ( ADA ) ( IIED and WBCSD 2002 ) . The levees are 40 kilometers long, constructed on both bank of the low prevarication inundation field of the Ajkwa river. This has resulted in the devastation of of 30 km2 of rain forest by 2002, and finally entire loss of rain forest in the ADA has been estimated to be 230 km2 ( IIED and WBCSD 2002 ) .In mid-1995 an American research worker have conducted trials of river deposits at Timika, which is the nearest human colony from the mine ( Kennedy et al.1998 ) . The consequences of these trials along with a comparability of Australia and New Zealand s National Health and Medical inquiry Council s ( NHMRC ) criterions for contaminated sites are presented below.Table 2. Selected heavy metal concentration at riverine deposits in Timika( Kennedy et al. 1998 )Copper ( ppm )Zinc ( ppm )Lead ( ppm )Ajkwa river deposit229053.31.35( NHMRC ) guideposts for contaminated site60200300Noteworthy from the above tabular array is the inordinate sum of Copper taint. A more recent survey by Brunskill et Al ( 2004 ) has meas ured the fluxes of Copper, Zinc and Lead in the Ajkwa river basin. The present fluxes as compared to the background fluxes ( before 1950 ) from the survey are presented below.Table 3. Fluxs of heavy metals at Ajkwa river basin ( Brunskill et al. 1998 )SiteCu flux ( mmol Cu m-2 yr -1 )Zn flux ( mmol Cu m-2 yr -1 )Pb flux ( mmol Cu m-2 yr -1 )3Background390.68Present137181.54Background7.8161.3Present204282.25Background6.6111.1Present129211.8These consequences are peculiarly dismaying for Copper. Since the addition in the background degree is every bit high as 40 times. This study besides shows that this rise in flux absolutely syncs with the rise in production degree of the mine. prattle these high flux rates of the selected metal, the concentration of these metals in the riverine deposits should be much higher(prenominal) now as compared to degrees indicated in Table 2.3.1.2 Impact on H2OThe impact of shadowings disposal on H2O quality of the Ajkwa River is terrible. Ortman and Subr a ( 2000 ) conducted field trials to measure extent of the pollution ( Annex I, table B ) . These informations are compared on two degrees. The first base comparing has been made with regard to take in H2O quality against World Health Organisation ( 2008 ) guideline values ( Table 4 ) . The 2nd comparing is made with regard to toxic effects on aquatic biology ( Table 5 ) .Table 4. Comparison of H2O quality with regard to WHO guideline valuesMill DischargeOtomona BridgeMid ADAWHO guideline valueAs ( mg/l )3.940.1260.0450.01Cadmium ( mg/l )0.240.0070.0010.003Cu ( mg/l )53613.134.652Hg ( mg/l )0.0030.0030.0030.006Se ( mg/l )0.2940.0020.0020.01The above comparing clearly demonstrates that the river H2O is rendered non-potable by the mine pollution. In fact in 1997, functionary of the local authorities warned local people against imbibing of the river H2O and gave it a D mankind heath evaluation ( Kennedy et al. 1998 ) .Table 5. Comparison of H2O quality with regard to toxicityMill Di schargeOtomona BridgeMid ADAToxic degreeBeginningAs ( mg/l )3.940.1260.0451.85Tisler and Zagorc-Konean ( 2003 )Cadmium ( mg/l )0.240.0070.0010.01Mallett et Al. ( 1992 )Cu ( mg/l )53613.134.650.015Tisler and Zagorc-Konean ( 2003 )Hg ( mg/l )0.0030.0030.0030.000026Canadian Water Quality GuidelineSe ( mg/l )0.2940.0020.0020.002Lemly ( 1992 )Therefore, it can be seen from above that apart from quicksilver the concentrations of heavy metals at the factory spend location is higher than the aquatic toxic degrees. Particularly for Cu, at all location the measured value is higher than the toxic degree. Locals have reported disappearing of many species of fish from the river ( Chatterjee 1996 ) . An fact-finding study by New York Times has stated the river to be virtually barren of any fish ( Perlez and Bonner 2005 ) .3.2 Acid Mine Drainage3.2.1 Beginning of Acid Mine DrainageIn the late phases of formation procedure of the Grasberg ore, native sulfur was deposited in fools gold venas ( Frie hauf 2002 ) . When oxidization takes topographic point in deposited shadowings of the ore, acidic conditions can bit by bit develop when Cu sulfide minerals are present ( IIED 2002 ) . Under acerb conditions, metals in the ore may be mobilized. This acerb H2O port heavy metals, if non decently treated, may do irreversible pollution of groundwater ( TCE 2008 ) .In 1993, it was reported for the first clip that sedimentation sites in Grasberg contained AMD ( Perlez and Bonner 2005 ) .Different types of Cu sulfide found in the ore can be illustrated by a sample ( Fig.4 ) . Taken from cardinal stockwork zone of the Grasberg ore, copper pyrites ( brasslike yellow-orange ) , bornite ( dark blue-purple ) , and covellite ( imperial or light blue ) can be seen from the specimen. ( FCX 2004 ) . The mine waste incorporating these sulphide bearing minerals, particularly chalcopyrite and bornite, can exercise important environmental impacts in the part ( IIED 2002 ) .3.2.2 Environmental Impact s of Acid Mine DrainageThe Grasberg mine has three billion dozenss of waste stone and shadowings ( Kennedy et al.1998 ) . The local clime is every bit miffed as holding 12 pess of rain a twelvemonth, which contributes to oxidization of the mine waste and shadowings ( Perlez and Bonner 2005 ) . In Freeport s audit, AMD has been reported fluxing into nearby watercourses ( Kennedy et al. 1998 ) . To cover with the job of AMD, neutralization procedure is added to the concentration process of Cu ( Golder Associates 1994 ) . The company says that this drain is treated by roll uping the overflow and neutralizing it with limestone ( Perlez and Bonner 2005 ) . In one study in extolment of the mine, it is stated that the shadowing river and the deposition country meets Indonesian and US Environmental Protection Agency imbibing H2O criterions for dissolved metals ( IM 2009 ) .However, several independent surveies and audits have shown much less optimistic state of affairs. The impact on loc al H2O system is important. Neutralization capableness of limestone in the milieus is finite, so once it is depleted, big sum of toxic metals from the mine will leach into local rivers and H2O system ( Kennedy 1998 ) . It is disclosed that light-green springs could already be seen several stat mis off, which indicates the leach-out of Cu from the drainage has traveled a long distance ( Perlez and Bonner 2005 ) . For illustration, in the Wanagon H2O catchment basin, the acid leachate precipitates when neutralized with calcium hydroxide, and accretion has already started near the lake ( IIED 2002 ) , which may impact the deposit. Ajkwa Deposition Area and estuaries of the Arafura Sea may besides be affected by AMD ( Bryce 2005a ) . Groundwater taint has been detected in the Highlandss of Grasberg ( TCE 2008 ) , and in 1999, pollution of groundwater became important in Timika, a town lying below the mine ( Bryce 2005b ) . Furthermore, the Lorentz park is another focal point of concern, because the AMD has polluted the springs in the park and affected its ecological variety show ( TCE 2008 ) . The Lorentz glaciers ( Figure 5 ) are besides at hazard ( McGinley 2008 ) .To sum up, the clime status in Grasberg aggravates the job of AMD, which has caused pollution to H2O systems including the shadowing river and deposition countries. The nearby World heritage site, Lorentz Park, is besides at hazard due to impact from AMD.DecisionAnnex ITable A. Tailings features ( IIED and WBCSD 2002 )Shadowings solids analysis mg/Kg ( dry footing )Plant discharge slurry ( mg/l )DissolvedEntirepH11.3Sum suspended solids558,584Aluminum28,900As49& lt 0.0023.94Cadmium0.33& lt 0.00020.24Copper6,6000.002536Fe56,600Lead30Manganese1,400Mercury0.01& lt 0.0003& lt 0.0003 southeast3& lt 0.0020.294Zinc2000.06061.1Table B. Water quality at different points at the Ajkwa deposition country( Ortman and Subra 2000 )Mill DischargeOtomona BridgeMid ADAUS EPA criterionANZECC criterionConcentratio n ( mg/l )DissolvedEntireDissolvedEntireDissolvedEntireSum suspended solids558,5812,814,968AluminumAs& lt 0.0023.94& lt 0.0020.126& lt 0.0020.045Cadmium& lt 0.00020.24& lt 0.00020.007& lt 0.00020.001Copper0.0025360.01013.130.0114.650.00290.005FeLeadManganeseMercury& lt 0.0003& lt 0.0003& lt 0.0003& lt 0.0003& lt 0.0003& lt 0.0003Selenium& lt 0.0020.294& lt 0.002& lt 0.002& lt 0.002& lt 0.002Zinc0.06061.10.0021.80.0020.536MentionsBrunskill, G. J. , Zagorskis, I. , Pfitzner, J. , and Ellison, J. 2004. Sediment and hint element depositional history from the Ajkwa River estuarine Rhizophora mangles of Irian Jaya ( West Papua ) , Indonesia. Continental Shelf Research 24 2535-2551Bryce, R. 2005a. Freeport at Grasberg Devastated the river system . News, The Austin Chronicle September 23, 2005. Uniform resource locator hypertext guide protocol //www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Issue/story? oid=oid % 3A292540. consulted 29 Jan 2010 .Bryce, R. 2005b. indite in Stone. N ews, The Austin Chronicle September 23, 2005. Uniform resource locator hypertext transfer protocol //www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Issue/story? oid=oid % 3A292538. consulted 29 Jan 2010 .Chatterjee, P. 1996. A Cu mine of decease or misplaced incrimination? . Inter Press Service ( February ) . Cited in Kennedy, D. , Chatterjee, P. , and Moody, R. Risky concern the Grasberg gold mine, 16. Berkeley Undertaking Underground, 1998Earth Observatory ( EO ) . NASA. Grasberg Mine, Indonesia. Posted alarming 1, 2005. Uniform resource locator hypertext transfer protocol //earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php? id=5718. consultd 5 February 2010 Freeport-McMoran Copper & A Gold ( FCX ) . 2004. How stone comes to life step-by-step through the excavation procedure. hypertext transfer protocol //www.fcx.com/envir/wtsd/2004/copper.htm. consulted 29 Jan 2010 Freeport McMoran Copper & A Gold Inc. 2008. Core Assets, 2008 Annual Report Phoenix Freeport McMoran Copper & A Gold Inc.URL hyperte xt transfer protocol //www.fcx.com/ir/AR/2008/FCX_AR_2008.pdf consulted 01 Feb 2010 Freeport McMoran Copper & A Gold Inc. 2009. Employee engagement Uniform resource locator hypertext transfer protocol //www.fcx.com/envir/emply_engag.htm consulted 01 Feb 2010 Freeport McMoran Copper & A Gold Inc. 2009. Economic Development URL hypertext transfer protocol //www.fcx.com/envir/eco_dev.htm casestudy1 consulted 01 Feb 2010 International found for Environment and Development ( IIED ) 2002. Mining for the Future Appendix J Grasberg Riverine Disposal Case StudyFriehauf, K. C. 2002. Grasberg Mine Area, Indonesian research and travels, Research . hypertext transfer protocol //faculty.kutztown.edu/friehauf/indonesia/grasberg.html. consulted 29 Jan 2010 .Friends of the Earth Netherlands ( Milieudefensie ) 2009. Mining Matters. Unacceptable metal excavation in developing states and the duties of companies in the Netherlands Amsterdam Friends of the Earth NetherlandsGolder Associates. 199 4. Shadowings and River counsel Plan Options Executive Summary, Submitted by Golder Associates to PT Freeport Indonesia, November 1994Hills, J. and Welford, R. 2006. Case Study Auditing for Human Rights Freeport-McMoRan Copper and Gold in Papua. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental perplexity 13 108 114.International Institute for Environment and Development ( IIED ) and World Business Council for Sustainable Development ( WBCSD ) . 2002. Mining for the hereafter Appendix J Grasberg riverine disposal instance survey. England IIED and WBCSDInternational Institute for Environment and Development ( IIED ) . 2002. Mining for the Future. England IIED.International Mining ( IM ) . 2009. The route to Grasberg. Great minesGrasberg. International Mining 2009 ( Sep ) 56-61.Kennedy, D. , Chatterjee, P. , and Moody, R. 1998. Hazardous concern the Grasberg gold mine, 16. Berkeley Undertaking UndergroundLemly, A. D. 1992. Guidelines for measuring Selenium informations from aquati c monitoring and assessment surveies. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 28 83-100Mallett, M.J. , Vine, S. , Murgatroyd, C. , Whitehouse, P. , Jerman, E. , Ashby-Crane, R.E. , Fleming, R. , Wwilson, K. and Sims, I. 1992. Toxicity of common pollutants to freshwater life. A reappraisal of the effects of ammonium hydroxide, arsenic, Cd, Cr, Cu, nitrile, Ni, hydroxybenzene and Zn on autochthonal species. Bristol National River Authority R & A D study Note 82.Mealey, G. A. , 1996. Grasberg. Los Angeles Freeport McMoRan Copper and Gold IncMcGinley, M. ( Topic Editor ) joined Nations Environment Programme-World Conservation Monitoring Centre ( Content Partner ) . 2008. Lorentz National Park, Indonesia. In Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland ( Washington, D.C. Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment ) . inaugural published in the Encyclopedia of Earth February 11, 2008 Last revised November 21, 2008 Retrieved February 5, 2010 . Uniform resource locator hypertext transfer protocol //www.eoearth.org/article/Lorentz_National_Park, _Indonesia. consulted 5 February 2010 .National Aeronautics and situation Administration ( NASA ) . 2003. Visible Earth a catalogue of NASA images and lifes of our place planet. Uniform resource locator hypertext transfer protocol //veimages.gsfc.nasa.gov//16923/landsat_carstenz_29may03_28.5m.jpg consulted 5th February 2010 Ortman, D.E. , and Subra, W. 2000. Review of Freeport AuditPerlez, J. , and Bonner, R. 2005. Below a mountain of wealth a river of waste. New York Times ( New York ) , December 27.Tisler, T. , and Zagroc-Koncan, J. , 2003. Aquatic toxicity of selected chemicals as abasic standard for environmental categorization. Arh Hig Rada Tokiskol 54 207-213The Council on Ethics ( TCE ) . 2008. To the Ministry of Finance Recommendation of 15 February 2008. hypertext transfer protocol //www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php? a=8809. consulted Jan 29 2010 .W atson, M. 1999. External Environmental Audit, PT Freeport Indonesia operationsIrian Jaya, Indonesia. Steamboat Springs, CO, US.Whitmore, A. 2006. The emperor s new apparels Sustainable excavation? Journal of Cleaner Production 14 309 314. ( beginning URL ) GalyaWohl, E. 2006. Human impacts to mountain watercourses. Geomorphology 79 217 248.World Health Organisation ( WHO ) . 2008. Guidelines for imbibing H2O quality.

Uncle Tom’s Impact on 19th Century America

For break superstars backs, the passing of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 ensured their doom in the perpetual cruelty of the slave market. This Act protected the rights of slaveholders, requiring by law that all slaves who escaped to the North be returned to their original owners. This action by the United States government contributed significantly to the novel Uncle tom turkeys cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe. The novel was the first of its kind to express and fully embrace the idea that slavery should not be condoned.At the time this text was published, galore(postnominal) Yankeeers took the pacifist approach by simply accepting the idea that one person couldnt change anything, like St. Clare in the novel. Once this book was introduced to the Northern population, not plainly did it sell like hot cakes, but also it opened citizens eyes to the actual horrors occurring in the South, and under their same Constitution. They saw that remorseless slave owners and continuous beatin gs left slaves with little hope and little faith.The sympathetic portrayal of slaves throughout the South lead many Northerners to side with the extreme abolitionists, which would short create further tensions among the North and the South and eventually cause the friction prompting Southern states to secede and begin the Civil War. This progression of events inspired Abraham capital of Nebraskas famous quote to Harriet Beecher Stowe when he met her, So youre the little woman who wrote the book that caused this great war? Although the original intent of this novel was to rise the unaware masses, Stowe fell into some stereotypes of black men.When Black Sam received the order from Mrs. Shelby to slow down the retrieval of Eliza so that she may escape, it is clear that he does not care whether Eliza gets to freedom, but is purely interested in whether, if he succeeds, he can take over the spot of trusted slave that Tom filled. Stowe basically describes him as the comic black figure. A comic black figure is drawn into the book for the amusement of the snow-covered audience, which, in itself is a slimy thought. This portrayal shows him grinning dumbly and failing to use large words correctly.He also is screeching in broad dialect and seems ready to wear out into an comic dance. It seems as if, especially with the inclusion of the cartoon, Stowe was playing into overdrawn racial stereotypes of the day, and implying that only some slaves had the capacity to function normally in society trance others could not. Although Stowe mocks Haley (the slave catcher and seller) in this chapter, it seems as if the representation of the average slave undermines the positive image she is attempting to draw for slaves such(prenominal) as Uncle Tom, Eliza and George Harris.Some points made in the novel were ironic to me. I thought it was interesting how being a white n- was something undesirable in the slave community. When a large slave comes up to Adolph and said Law, now, boys dis yers one o yer white ns, kind o cream color, ye know, scented The situation slaves were put them made them resent white people to such a degree that it was terrible to be a white n.It is ironic also that they themselves used the term white with the derogatory term nigra to insult someone n their own community. One might have thought given the ability whites had to roam free and easily that being white was a good thing. Of course, being called white had more to do with the fact that these slaves associated white n- as a portrayal of their oppressor, and by calling one of their own a white n they were lashing out at their oppressors and anyone who tried to emulate them.The idea of a white n- also brings to oral sex how close these slaves are to their owners making the reader question How different are these people that they can be considered property while I can be considered free? No Doubt Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe had the power to turn average, e very day, on the fence Americans into full-fledged abolitionists. Stowe was able to reach this by relating the oppressed slaves to people in every day life, whether it was through Elizas attachment to her son, or Toms embrace religion in the toughest of times.Stowe also shows that a girl who grew up in the heart of the South could show compassion for people she was raised to believe were so beneath her and so horrid. Her strength and faith and her recognition that the key was to see slaves as people also influenced those around her. Stowes fictional tale of Uncle Tom not only touched the heart of Northerners, it also touched Southerners, and most importantly it contributed to the commencement of a great civil war one that would end with the emancipation of slaves everywhere.

Missing White Woman Syndrome Essay

Missing smock adult female syndrome, similarly known as wanting(p) lovely lady friend syndrome, is a tongue-in-cheek term coined by some media critics to reference a form of media hype in which excessive news coverage is devoted to a specific wanting or murdered gabardine wo custody and misfires, while virtu entirelyy ignoring lacking men, non- color women, or cleave news stories.According to these critics, reporting of these stories often lasts for several(prenominal) days or weeks, sometimes all the same months, and displaces reporting on otherwise current events that some tribe consider more newsworthy, such(prenominal) as economics and politics. This syndrome appears to be most prevalent in U. S. media, except famous examples can also be found elsewhere in the world, e. g. the United Kingdom. The essential features of a missing person say to give rise to Missing uninfected cleaning lady Syndrome ar sex, her race, (relative) prettiness, and age.These features ar say to provoke positive discrimination in the reporting as news of the disappearance of a young clean char fair sex, and so to increase public interest in her disappearance. Missing batch claims that cases which arrest greatest publicity argon those where missing persons are white, middle-class, female and from stable two-parent families, and where is no indication that such a missing person ran away from home.A working-class boy or an older woman is less likely to receive news coverage. Even in cases where foul play is suspected, if the victim is male, is of Afro-Caribbean or Asian descent, is a prostitute, has drug problems, is a persistent runaway, or has been in foster care, reporters are said to decide that their readership is less likely to relate to or empathize with the victim, and they reduce their coverage accordingly.The true visibility that must be fit blonde, get inive, if possible blue- plazad, young, petite, vivacious and of a middle class or higher(prenomin al) economic background creates the cases of MPWW which involve ein truth local or national news to provide timed daily coverage of any and all developments, accompanied by lengthy discussions about the meaning of such developments.Speculations about evidence, suspects, motives that caused the disappearance rise and family members are called in order to offer more information and to order pictures of the victim. As the story gains momentum and begins to pick up steam like a runaway locomotive engine more talk shows and news media search details and turn the event into a national issue. The typical case lasts for days, weeks, months, forever and ever resulting in some families creating a website about the case, or a recognize is posted, flyers and leaflets are posted all over and cover all neighborhoods.However, if we take a look at the Doe Network, which is adept of the resources that handles missing adult cases, we find out that a) in that respect are more missing unappeasab le women in the US than women of all other races combined, b) there are more missing men than women, and c) there are far, far more missing long-term missing persons than most people even dream about. Moreover, from the news you would never know that most missing Americans are men, non women, that nearly a third of the missing are lightlessness, and that even ugliness will non save a woman from becoming missing and turning up dead. pic Missing People Chart.pichttp//abagond. wordpress. com/2007/12/27/the-missing-white-woman-syndrome/ The Missing White Woman Syndrome should be taken into account and treated as a huge problem, solely at times some cases are emphasize more than others and thus discrimination appears. What is more, Missing White Woman Syndrome seems to be interjecting racism into a situation that is much more complex than simple racism, as very often the disappearance of black women is neglected or if at the same time a white woman and a black one are reported missing it is yet the white one that catches the media attention and soon becomes national news.Some critics say that pretty, white damsels in distress draw viewers, whereas missing women who are black, Latino, Asian, old, fat or ugly do not. For example, in May 2004, a young black woman was missing. It was not until 14 months later that they found her body. Her aunt worked in public relations exactly the press was not all that interested. Yet during all those months, when she went missing cable news went on and on about other missing women who were white. So, it could be the medias fault for not covering all battleground properly, and at times this does not resume estimable to Missing White Woman Syndrome, but to other news as well.It is a matter of interpretation of every situation and the media tends to draw the attention upon a certain area of a subject so that it should turn the whole thing into a business line as it is often considered. For example, an automobile accident that kills five people is newsworthy, but five separate fatalities are not. A coal mine accident that kills a dozen is covered by every media outlet, but scores of miners who die from black lung every year are ignored. It is the shocking news that push back the attention, as a means of manipulating the audience.Some claim that the media offers its viewers what they want, as it is like any other market driven much the same way that demand for certain automobiles drives production. It is said that is not just pretty white women, because people are drawn to stories about pretty people in general. wakeless looking actors get more face time than not so goof looking ones. toilsome people are now the majority in the U. S. , yet full figured models dont turn up in Victoria Secret magazines. A plump homely missing pincer will likely not draw the attention that a good looking child would. perhaps people are drawn to attractive, because it is what we want to be. Then when bad things happen to a ttractive people we feel bad because something happened to the concept of what wed like to see ourselves as attractive. Attractive is pleasing to the eye and to the mind, and we are drawn to the things that please us Government intervention could be the only solution, if it subsidized the news media to insure the reporting of certain events even though they may not be in demand.However, there are opponents who claim that this is a social matter and not an economic one, mainly focused on racism and the way it is save perceived in America. Missing White Woman Syndrome is spread not only in the United States, but in other countries as well and it apparently attract millions of viewers. During the last year in Romania there ahs been a continuous debate on a kindred case of a missing white woman, a lawyer, whose case has been analyzed from every angle and it is still discussed.Some even say that it became a brand, as there was a TV-show that kept up with all the details of the case. I n the meanwhile many other teenagers or children have foregone missing but the attention is still drawn to this never-ending case that some even consider not to be true. on that point is also the cult of true womanhood which teaches that white women are to be rescued, therefore they are helpless and in need of protection, while black women are assumed as being in control of the situation.It is a matter of perception upon the entire world, thus including prejudices and mentalities that grow into racism and into different forms of eyesight others of a different race or sex or social status as competent of certain things. Here we could mention the view of people on a missing black woman who is later found dead, as either a drug addict or an easy woman. The fountainheads How do you save a black man from drowning? You take off your foot of his head. and What do you get if a white man falls of a skyscraper? Who cares. best summon the idea that it is spread worldwide not just on the Missing White Woman Syndrome, but in other cases of discrimination and also national opinion upon a certain topic. The abagond. wordpress. com refers to the missing white woman syndrome as missing pretty girls syndrome or damsel in distress syndrome and it also makes references of TV episodes where the syndrome was clearly present. That is in Without a tone episode White Balance in which the agents investigate two cases that of a white teenage girl and that of a black teenage boy.They must cope with the white girls case get constant attention and the black boys getting none. The episode concludes with a No Ending, as we are told that one lives and one dies, but not which is which. In one episode of Law and evidence Criminal Intent, the disappearance of a white girl on a school get down becomes the subject of a media frenzy, and is eventually tied to the disappearance of a local black girl. The mother of the black girl accuses the authorities of coming to her only when her daught ers disappearance was tied up with the white girls.The msnbc. msn. com refers to unconscious bias stating that Quoting those FBI statistics its like saying 99percent of the nations in the world are not at war, so why are focusing on the war? But Iraq is an extraordinary event involving Americans said Mark Effron, vice president of news at MSNBC TV. What makes news is the unexpected. Also, ironically the site gives another retell which refers to the Missing White Woman Syndrome, that is If you are missing, it helps to be young, white, female. Maybe this statement should raise a question mark that can make everyone see the real meaning of this syndrome that does not occur only among white women, but among black or Asian women as well, thus making all of them equal in front of the world and in the media articles. CNN has often been accused of not taking into account all missing cases and of observing and broadcasting only those of white pretty women, ignoring missing black women. T he news media does not only entertain viewers, but also sells newspapers and you rarely, if ever, see in the news a woman of color who has gone missing.The Missing White Woman Syndrome is another embodiment of racism that makes you concentrate only on a small part of the problem and thus ignore the rest as if it never exists. There are thousands of people who go missing every day, but who, for not fitting the profile do not make it to the front page or the news. Those attractive women who are reported try to create that unadulterated image of the world where everyone seeks the beauty and the perfection and these cases of disappearances or deaths often ruin or at least(prenominal) shake the confidence in these stereotypes.But it is very clear that one does not have to be young, blonde and blue-eyed(prenominal) in order to be abducted and moreover breaking the news does not necessarily help bring back the missing person. Here is a matter of police involvement as well and the way i n which authorities do everything in their power to find whoever has gone missing. Nevertheless, it is someway ironical how statistics show that there are more males missing than women, and yet rarely are these cases reported.The percentage of missing white women is not higher than that of black women, but we only speak about a Missing White Woman Syndrome and not about a Missing Black Woman Syndrome. There are also a lot of children gone missing and most of them are not blond, blue-eyed and yet they are those who everyone talks about and even become icons of the syndrome. It is a creation of a fudge world where we only focus on what we want to see and not on what there in reality is out there. Bibliography www. msnbc. msn. com www. tvtropes. org www. abagond. wordpress. com Monica Radu, 1st year student of American Studies.

Absurdity of a “Sivilized” Society-an Analysis of Huckleberry Finn

An Analysis of hucka gameleberry Finn The Absurdity of a Sivilized baseball club Authors often express their views on every given subject through their works, and Mark coupling is no exception. One may read The Adventures of huckabackleberry Finn and be compriseve it is simply a novel about a youthful boys childhood however, a deeper analysis of the text reveals many of Mark Twains expressions about primary(prenominal) moral and social issues. Perhaps one of the most prominent universe the frailty of human arbitrator and the hypocrisy we as a mass foster in our societies.Throughout the novel, huck meets people who appear to be good, civilized people, but always end up having a hypocritical fault about them. though non every instance is a grave matter, Twains create verbally generates that societies in Hucks world ar based upon corrupted laws and principles that defy basic logic. Twains writing leaves the reader with an understanding(a) that cowardice, illogical choices, and selfish as well as hypocritical people shekels these societies. Twain begins weaving hypocrisies and rout outts early into the story one of the most appalling being the issue of Hucks custody.This flawed clay of thought is first shown when the new judge in St. Petersburg rules that knocker has rightful(prenominal) custody of Huck. Although this would be bad for Huck if his father became his legal guardian, the judge asserts Paps rights to Huck as his biological son, despite the fact that this is placing Hucks welfare below the so-called rights of his father. Ironically, this system would put Huck under his dads custody, leaving him worse off, whereas Jim is separated from his family despite being a far better father and soul.However, the welfare of the individual isnt highly valued in society, and thus they are placed in uncomfort adequate to(p), often dangerous situations. The judge tries to put Huck back in contact with his horrid father and therefore abuse, but Jim, a lo ving parent, never receives wait on to be with his children and help rescue them from break ones backry and separation. This decision defies all logic one would find in a normal society, and yet this kind of stackilizeing was commonplace.The values and welfare of a black person were nowhere near as important as those of a white man, and even though Jim is a grown man with the most in tune moral compass of any character in the book, Huck still has power everyplace him simply because he is white. By comparing the situation of Pap and Huck with slaves and their masters, Twain hints that it is impossible for a society to be civilized so long as it practices slavery. Though non quite as harmful, another example of a hypocritical character can be found in the Widow Douglas and Miss Watson.In an attempt to sivilize Huckleberry, Miss Watson reprimands him for smoking a queer and yet she snuffs tobacco. Pretty soon I wanted to smoke, and asked the widow to let me. But she wouldnt. She said it was a mean practice and wasnt clean, and I essential try to not do it any more than And she took snuff, too of course that was all right, because she done it herself (Twain 2). She prevents Huck from doing what she believes is uncivilized and detrimental to his health, yet doesnt think twice about proceeding to do some intimacy very similar simply because she herself enjoys it.This example of hypocrisy is not particularly malicious, but yet another example of how all the characters Huck is involved with has some ferment of a hypocritical flaw. Furthermore, Miss Watson is quite religious and, in efforts to teach Huck, tells him that all he must do is pray for something and he will have it. However, when Huck needs fishhooks and asks her to help pray for them, she calls him a fool. Then Miss Watson she took me in the closet and prayed, but nothing come of it. She told me to pray every day, and some(prenominal) I asked for I would get it.But it warnt so. I tried it. Once I got a fish- line, but no hooks. It warnt any good to me without hooks. I tried for the hooks three or four times, but somehow I couldnt make it make it work. By-and-by, one day, I asked Miss Watson to try for me, but she said I was a fool. (Twain 8). Miss Watson tells Huck that if he does something, he can expect a certain ensue but when things dont work, he asks for her help and she chides him for it The widow Douglas and Miss Watson are religious, educated, and yet, they are slave owners.They educate Huck, and teach him religion but find it perfectly acceptable to do things contrary to their teachings, such(prenominal) as snuff and practice slavery. The latter, being a more insidious humbug of St. Petersburg, is shown over and over again throughout Hucks journey. As Huck begins to stray from his backwards, insincere town, he reaches dissimilar places with different people, all different in their own way and yet, very similar to those in St. Petersburg. The Duke and Dauphin a re two despicable con men who join Huck and Jim as they continue to drift on the river.The Duke and Dauphin cause trouble for Huck and Jim, as well as the towns they visit. The fault here is that, the Duke and Dauphin are able to scam full(a) communities by lying, pretending to be someone theyre not, and cheating their guests. Though they throw off most of the novel doing awful things or planning awful things, they both are hardly punished. later on the first showing of The Royal Nonesuch, the first group of attendees realizes they have been cheated. However, instead of chastising the Duke and Dauphin, the audience that night chooses to lie about the performance in order to cheat a second group of attendees. Hold on Just a word, gentlemen. They stopped to listen. We are soldmighty badly sold. But we dont want to be the laughing stock of this whole town, I reckon, and never hear the last of this thing as long as we live. NO. What we want is to go out of here quiet, and talk this show up, and sell the REST of the town Then well all be in the same boat. Aint that sensible? (You bet it is the jedge is right everybody sings out. ) All right, thennot a word about any sell. Go along home, and advise everybody to come and see the tragedy. (Twain 114).Most hypocritical, however, is the fact that the Judge of the town conceived this plan. He who stands as a pillar of justice and truth in the town decides to cheat the others in order to tho face. By the third night, everyone in town has seen the play and the Duke and Dauphin make a large profit from their misconduct. dissipated acts committed by the Duke and Dauphin never yielded punishments, but brazen, drunk insults led to execution. Boggs, described as the most tardily going old fool in Arkansas, began shouting insults and anathemas at Sherburn, the man who had cheated him. He Sherburn was standing perfectly still in the street, and had a pistol raised in his right handnot aiming it, but holding it out with the barrel tilted up towards the sky Boggs throws up both of his hand and says, O Lord, dont shoot Bang goes the first shot, and he staggers back, clawing at the lookbang goes the second one, and he tumbles backwards on to the ground, heavy and solid, with his arms spread out. (Twain 108). The Duke and Dauphin cheat entire communities and remain unpunished by their terrible acts however, peccadilloes like shouting drunken insults result in execution.Twains writing exposes the issue of faulty justice and duplicitous nature of men. Furthermore, Sherburns speech to the angry mob around his house in relation to a lack of logic and cowardice capitulates Twains societal views. Twains use of hypocrisy helps express his views on societal issues. Though not every instance is harmful, such as Miss Watsons snuff usage, other notable examples such as the execution of Boggs and the custody of Huck highlight his belief that cowardice, lack of logic, and selfishness are at the affectionatenes s of society, not the communal welfare that it should be.The repeated instances of insecure, logic defying justice are the root of the problem, as unaffectionate crimes are punished severely whereas serious crimes go scot-free. Throughout the novel, Huck meets characters that appear good, yet Twain makes a conscious effort to prove they are prejudiced slave owners. The illogical choices and hypocritical people presented throughout the novel show the hypocrisy and ludicrousness of the sivilized society.